ANTHROPOLOGY. 395 



of Columbus, Ohio, has published during the year a volume entitled " The 



North Americans of Antiquity," in which he has brought together at great 



pains the results of explorations up to our day. It would not be too 



much to say that it is now the best manual of xVmerican archaeology. 



In the Smithsonian Annual Keport for 1879, published in ISSO, there 



are many pai)ers upon archaeology. The one most worthy of careful 



perusal upon this subject is that by Mr. Walker upon the shell heaps 



of Tampa Bay, Florida. The author reviews adversely Professor 



Wyman's theories of ancient cannibalism, and presents other methods 



of accounting for the phenomena. 



Wiener's "Perou et Bolivie" is a gorgeous work, whose material was 



collected at the expense of the French Government by Mr. Wiener, who 



spent two years exploring the graves and ancient monuments of tlie land 



of the Incas. 



III. — Biology of man. 



The title of this section is somewhat elastic ; indeed the Ecole cVAn- 

 tliropologie of Paris divides its contents between two professors : M. 

 Mathias Duval, who, under the subject of anatomical anthropology, 

 delivered a course of lectures upon authropogeny or comparative embry- 

 ogeny of the vertebrates during the last winter, and Dr. Paul Topiu- 

 ard, who, from the chair of biology, lectured upon anthropology in respect 

 of the living ; inasmuch, however, as the same individuals are engaged 

 frequently in the study of man, structurally and functionally, and the 

 latest text-books take strong ground that the two methods of research 

 must be prosecuted simultaneously, it is found convenient to include 

 within the same theme all those investigations which regard man from 

 the side of zoology. The Biological Society of Washington has taken 

 the same ground, in embracing within its membership osteologists and 

 conchologists, as well as embryologists and physiologists. 



A noteworthy fact in this portion of anthropology is the slow but siue 

 encroachments which methods and instruments of precision are making 

 upon the different parts of the human body. In 1786 was published, in 

 Paris, Pierre Camper's '■'■ Dissertation sur les differences reelles qui pre- 

 sentent les traites du visage cliez les liommes de differents pays et de diffe- 

 rents dges.^'' The facial angle has received more careful scrutiny at 

 the hands of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Cuvier, Cloquet, Jacquart, Broca, 

 and many other distinguished anatomists. The cubage of the cranium, 

 the situation and direction of the foramen magnum^ the occipital, basal, 

 and nasal angles, and the cranial indices have assumed an importance 

 even greater than the facial angle. The scapular index, thoracic index, 

 pelvis, femur, tibia, and even the digits, are not without their value in 

 the problem. 



The great difficulty of collecting the skeletons of any race in sufficient 

 numbers and well authenticated, has driven the anatomists to devise 

 methods of obtaining measurements upon the living. The British Asso- 



