396 ANTHKOPOLOGY. 



elation lias done very much towards establishing standards of compari- 

 son in this regard. Nor are the French very far behind in the work. 



The brain, no less than the cranium, continues to be the subject 

 of absorbing interest. The comparative anatomy of the encephalon 

 holds out the hope that here lies the path to the solution of the problem 

 of man's ancestry and origin. On the other side, among these mean- 

 dering labyrinths, are sought the secrets of the connection between 

 material and sj)iritual existence. In the bibliography appended to this 

 summary, studies on the brain are accredited to Amat, Bordier, Ducatte, 

 Duval, Fowler, Spitzka. 



The work of examining the skeletons or the living bodies of men, 

 however, has a decided rival in the science of embryology. The grand 

 generalizations of Haeckel, in his "Evolution of Man," however faulty in 

 detail, as all such comprehensive speculations must necessarily be, have 

 kindled a vast amount of interest in human ontogeny. The researches 

 of M. Mathias Duval, successor to the renowned Broca, upon the origin 

 of the cranial nerves, will be found reported in the Journal de VAnato- 

 mie et de la Fhysiologie, mai-juin and septembre-octobre, of the past 

 year. 



IV. — Comparative psychology. 



The question of the place of inductive psychology in the general 

 scheme of anthropology is as yet unsettled. Taking biology in its 

 widest sense, as including life in all its manifestations, there could be 

 no objections from any quarter to including the comparative psychology 

 of man and the lower animals within the purview of this comprehensive 

 subject. The reason for creating a class distinction in its favor is that 

 there is a separate group of men at work in this area. The problems 

 and methods belong to several subclasses. For instance, assuming the 

 difference between the mind of man and that of the lower animals to be 

 one of degree rather than one of kind, or, rather, to consist in a more 

 complicated and subtle organization of the same elementary principles, 

 and not in the difference of its constituents, it is held that the careful 

 scrutiny of the manifestation of reason, feeUng, and volition all along 

 the line of the zoological scale will lead up to a correct apprehension 

 of mental and spiritual phenomena in man. Again, the question arises 

 whether the intricate system of powers, emotions, and desires are not 

 derived by inheritance and modification from simpler faculties. A very 

 interesting series of observations have been set on foot by Francis Gal- 

 ton as to the connection of memory and imagination with time and 

 space. A fourth set of inquiries relate to the order and method by 

 which mentality is manifested in childhood and youth. Finally, this 

 portion of anthropology has its bitter controversial side. Between the 

 atheistical materialists, the agnostic materialists, and the theistic dual- 

 ists there still exists that personal prejudice which blinds the eyes of 

 the observer and confounds right thinking. 



