400 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



lodge, long-house, pueblo, or stone palace, is the natural outcome of the 

 organization. The student of comparative technology cannot afford to 

 omit this i^uhlication. 



VIII. — Sociology. 



Anthropology is not concerned with individuals. It does not inquire 

 how he or they acted or thought ; that is biography or history. It is 

 ever asking how they were accustomed to act. It does not seek to know 

 quid fecerit or quid fecerint, but quae solebarit facere. When men are 

 accustomed to do a certain thing, they act in groups, at specified places, 

 and during certain seasons. Social anthropology inquires into the regu- 

 lative forces of society. The propagation of the species and self-protec- 

 tion lie at the foundation of the family, the guild, and the state, repre- 

 senting children, craft, and power. Beneath each of these lies an unique 

 principle, commonly overlooked by writers on sociology. A combination 

 of families does not constitute a guild or a state. The family, as such, 

 will never become more complex than the ends of procreation, nursing, 

 and rearing of children demand. A combination of guilds does not 

 constitute a government. The same men, women, and children who 

 may be classified as families will be found arranged in guilds upon entirelj' 

 different rules. The same is true of the government, both militant and 

 industrial. 



The student of sociology, therefore, may set before himself a great 

 variety of problems. The discussion of the family, including those ques- 

 tions of natural forces which affect the increase or diminution, occux^ies 

 a prominent place in sociology. The progress from promiscuity through 

 the marriage of consanguines, then upward to the various forms of poly- 

 andry and polygyny to monogamy, though not yet worked out, has re- 

 ceived important additions in the works of Lorimer Fison, and Dr. J. 

 Bertillon. 



The question of industrial cooperations has as yet received little atten- 

 tion. Mr. Herbert Spencer gives a large place in his descriiitive soci- 

 ology to the regulation of industrialism. A very entertaining and import- 

 ant chapter in human history will be the narrative of the source and 

 vicissitudes of human industrial classes. 



On the other hand, the history of militancy has been over-written. 

 In the early jiart of its career our race was at war with nature as well 

 as with itself. Man went forth to slay the beasts of the field, the fowls 

 of the air, and the fish of the sea for food and clothing. All his tools 

 were weapons, all his methods were warlike, and the same social organi- 

 zation served both for the slaying of enemies and the pursuit of life's 

 necessities. In the upper grades of culture, however, this is different, 

 when the change of function demands a corresponding change of social 

 structure. 



The study of sociology is so intimately connected with human happi- 

 ness that there is no lack of interest or improvement in this department 

 of anthropology. Of special importance are the publications of Ban- 



