240 RECORD OF SCIENCE FOR 1886. 



Cope, E. D. — Continued. 



tweeu the vertrebral centra on their inferior side. Apparently homologous 

 elemeust occur iu the dorsal and cervical regions ofSphenodoii, and in the 

 cervical regions of various other lizards. Similar pieces are found in the 

 dorsal and caudal regions of various mammalia, for instance, Erlnaceus. 

 But in general they are wanting from the MaTumalia, and are better de- 

 veloped in the ToJycosauria than in any other order of reptiles. 



Considers it probable that we have in the Emholomeri that order of Batrachia 

 from which the Reptilia were derived, through intermediate forms not vet 

 discovered. And that the Sphetiosaiiridw can not be referred to this order 

 as proposed by him, but constitute a family of lihachitomi. 



Thinks that the development of the dorsal part of the vertebral column in Ciicotiis 

 is in an opposite direction to that stated by Fritsch to characterize the 

 Splienosauridce. This is the main point to bo proven. If further he has 

 shown that the larger dorsal bodies of Cricotus are homologous with the 

 centra of the Pohjcosauria and LacerHUa, the proposition remains proven 

 that the inferior vertebral bodies of the lihachitomi and the entire vertebral 

 bodies of existing Bairaclna are intercentra and not centra. 



Cope, E. D. The Origin of the Fittest : Essays on Evolution. 

 (Pp. i-xix and 1-467, pis. i-xviii, figs. 1-Sl, 1887. Il^ew York.) 



Although dated 1837 this book appeared iu the latter part of 1885. It coutains 

 the reflections which have suggested themselves to the author while en- 

 gaged in special zoological and paleontological studies. The latter essays 

 have resulted chiefly from the author's researches in the field of vertebrate 

 paleontology, which have thrown the greatest possible light on the fact and 

 method of evolution. The work is divided as follows: 



Part I. General Evolution, i. Evolution and its Consequences, ii. The Origin 

 of Genera, in. The Theory of Evolution, iv. The Hypothesis of Evolu- 

 tion, Physical and Metaphysical, v. The Method of Creation of Organic 

 Forms, vi. Review of the Modern Doctiiue of Evolution. 



Part II. Structural Evidence of Evolution, vii. Tlie Homoh>gies and Origin of 

 the Types of Molar Teeth of the Mammalia Educabilia. viii. The Relation 

 of Man to the Tertiary Mammalia, ix. The Developmental Siguiticance 

 of Human Physiognomy, x. The Evidence for Evolution in the History of 

 the Extinct Mammalia, xi. The Evolution of the Vertebrata, Progressive 

 and Retrogressive. 

 Part III. Mechanical Evolution, xii. The Relation of Animal Motion to 

 Animal Evolution, xiii. On the Trituberculate Tooth in the Mammalia. 

 XIA^ The Origin of the Specialized Teeth of the Carnivora. xv. The 

 Origin of the Foot Structures of the Ungulates, xvi. The Effect of lui- 

 pacts and Strains on the Feet of Mammalia. 

 Part IV. Metaphysical Evolution, xvii. The Evolutionary Significance of 

 Human Character, xviii. Consciousness in Evolution, xix. Areha^the- 

 tism. XX. Catagenesis, xxi. The Origin of Will. 



Cope, E. D. S3 stematic catalogue of species of vertebrata found iu 

 the beds of the Permian epoch iu jS^ortli America, with notes and de- 

 scriptions. Eead before tlie American PhiU)sophical Society, May 7, 

 1886. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. xvi, pp. 285-297, pis. 11-111. Phil- 

 adelphia, 188C.) 



Describes the new species Ectocynodon inciaiorus. 



Cope, E. D. On the Structure of tlie Bra:u and auditory Apparatus 

 of a theromorphous Eeptihi of the Permian Epoch. Kead before the 



