ANTHROPOLOGY. 541 



"Folk-lore, 'the folk's learning;' all that the folk believe or practice ou 

 the authority of inherited tradition and not ou the authority of written 

 records." (Charlotte S. Burue, Folk-lore J., in, 103.) 



"Folk-lore is the science which has for its object the study of undif- 

 ferentiated or anonymous humanity from an epoch which may be con- 

 sideredits infancy down toourown day." (Antonio Wachadoy Alvarez, 

 Folklore J., in, 113.) This whole essay must be read. One can not 

 afford to omit a sentence. 



" Folk-lore is knowledge of folk-life or the life of uncultured classes, 

 as distinguished from culture lore, knowledge of individualized life, 

 the lite of the cultured classes, and the generalizations arising from 

 these two knowledges or the sciences of folk-life and of culture-life are 

 complementary and mutually corrective divisions of the same mental 

 and moral sciences, the historical sciences, namely, or mental develop- 

 ment and of civil progress." (T. S. Stuart Glennie, Folk-lore J., iv., 75.) 



We come now to tlje second series of questions, the subject of classific 

 concepts, the study of "What should go where," as Miss Charlotte S. 

 Burne happily puts it. 



Mr. E. Sidney Hartland divides folk-lore into two departments, /y/fc- 

 thought and folk- practice, or, still better, /oZ/c-wori^. I like folk- wont for 

 the reason that folk-lore does not so much include practice. For in- 

 stance, I may tell you how an arrow-maker or potter produces his 

 ware, and do it so graphically that a mechanic may counterfeit them. 

 But I have omitted the thousand and one dispensables which the lowly 

 artisan considered indispensable, leaving them for the folk-lorist to 

 glean. 



Folk-lore is thus divided : 



1. Folk-thought: (1) tales of all kinds, sagas (world god, hero, elf, 

 ghost-sagas, etc.), nursery tales drolls, cumulative tales, apologues; 

 (2) folk-songs ; (3) weather-lore ; (4) proverbs ; (5) local and personal 

 saws and prophecies; (0) riddles; (7) folk-speech. 



2. Folk-wont: (1) worship, every practice designed to propitiate the 

 powers influencing man's destiny; (2) folk-lavr ; (3) folk-leechcraft; 

 (4) games ; (5) folk-craft. 



Mr. Gomme gives the following scheme: 



1. Traditional narratives: {a) folk- tales; (&) hero-tales; (c) ballads 

 and songs ; [d) place legends. 



2. Traditional customs : {a) local customs ; (h) festival customs ; 

 (c) ceremonial customs ; {d) games. 



3. Superstitions and beliefs: {a) witchcraft; {l>) astrology; (c) super- 

 stitions, practices, and fancies. 



4. Folk-speech: (a) popular sayings; (&) popular nomenclature; (c) 

 proverbs; (c/) jingle rhymes, riddles, etc. 



This is amended by Miss Charlotte S. Burne as follows : 

 Group 1. Traditional narratives: chiss «, folk-tales; class &, hero- 

 tales; class c, ballads and songs; class d^ place legends and traditions. 



