612 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



itary took charge for about a year, and then another political agent 

 was appointed. In 1871, under General Grant's religious or peace policy, 

 the nomination of the agent was assigned to the American Missionary 

 Association, since which time there has been no change. 



The census for 1S78, the last full one taken, gives their population as 

 follows : 



Twaiias: Men GS, women 84, cMldren 78, unknown 20 ; total, 250. 



Klallams: Men 149, women 171, children 147, unknown 80; total, 597. 



Chemakums : Men 5, women 4, children 4 ; total, 13. 



Total of three tribes, 800. 



Gibbs, in the volume of North American Ethnology already referred 

 to, gives as the census for 1852, or thereabouts, Twanas 290, Chema- 

 kums 90, and Klallams 92G; total, 1,306. I have some reasons for think- 

 ing his estimate too low. 



Mr. H. 0. Hale, whose father was for a time superhitendentof Indian 

 affairs in this Territory, has informed me that he at one time, many years 

 ago, soon after the treaty was made, issued rations to twenty-eight hun- 

 dred Indians at this agency ; but probably there were more present than 

 belonged to the three tribes, as other Indians would be likely to come 

 at such a time. Again, I get no estimate from any old settler that there 

 were less than two and a half times as many twenty years ago as now, 

 and some estimate them at five times as many then as now. 



A census of the Indians is v^ery difficult to obtain, and this may be 

 one reason why Gibbs placed them so low. In the winter of 1877-'78 

 the agent traveled from Skokomish to Elkwa and obtained the names of 

 four hundred and fifteen Klallams between Seabeck and Hoko, and esti- 

 mated that there were one hundred more of them on the British Colum- 

 bia side. Two months later I was at Dunginess to observe a potlatch, 

 where every village of the tribe was well represented, and obtained the 

 names of about forty-five more, and most of these lived between Elkwa 

 and Hoko, in the region where the agent had not traveled. The Elkwa 

 Indians, although living not more than 40 miles from the most distant 

 of these tribes, had failed to remember many of them. 



I see no reason why the country might not have supported a large 

 number of Indians, for while they get quite a share of their living from 

 the waters of the sound now, the whittis are exporting to California and 

 other places salmon, halibut, and clams from their waters. 



Mr. Finlayson, of the Hudson Bay Company, made a count of the 

 Klallams in 1845 and ascertained their number to be 1,700. 



Gibbs* (1852-1855) gives 926 Klallams, 90 Chemakums, and 290 

 Twanas. In 1870 a census was taken by the Indian De[)artment which 

 gives the names of 194 men, Klallams and Chemakums, 233 women, 97 

 boys, 81 girls, 15 infants, unknown 11; total, 631. Twenty-seven of these 

 were Chemakums, 291 Twanas. 



These Indians have undoubtedly decreased greatly since their first 



*Coat. to North Aniericau Ethnology, voL I, p. 183, 



