INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 613 



intercourse with the whites. The Klallanis and (Jhemakuins have de- 

 creased more rapidly than the Twanas. An accurate census of the 

 Twanas in 1875 gave 259 in all the families which I am now able accur- 

 ately to trace. In 1879 there were in the same fiimilies 239 persons. 



Until within a few years intemperance has been one of the greatest 

 foes to the lives of these Indians. The Klallam head chief has said that 

 five hundred Indians have been killed by the saloons of Dungiuess 

 within twenty years. This is probably an exaggeration, but not a very 

 wide one. The diseases consequent upon licentiousness and consump- 

 tion have caused the death of many. At a very early day, too, small- 

 pox undoubtedly worked great destruction, and whooping cough and 

 measles have made havoc among the children. All of these diseases 

 except consumption were introduced by the whites. 



As the subject of the increase and decrease of the Indians has been 

 quite widely discussed of late, 1 submit the following suggestions: On 

 the first contact with the whites they decrease, but if the tribes are 

 large and keep together somewhat compactly, and there is comparatively 

 little intercourse with the whites, except on the outer edge, and whole- 

 some efforts are made to civilize them, they do not diminish rapidly, and 

 when somewhat civilized they begin to increase, as Drs. liiggs and 

 Williamson, of Dakota, state. But where the tribes are small and the 

 intercourse with worthless whites is considerable their decrease is rapid, 

 and sometimes a tribe will become extinct before it has time to rally. 

 This has been the case with the Chemakums. 



Progress. — This has not been uniform in all localities and with all 

 classes, those on the reservation and near the whites having pro- 

 gressed the most, while in the most favored places the older Indians 

 have not changed much. As a whole, these tribes may now be called 

 more than half civilized. The Twanas have progressed more than the 

 KlalLims, chieflj- because they have had more instruction and help from 

 the Government ; yet, many of the latter tribe have made as strong 

 individual efforts as their more fortunate brethren to improve their con- 

 dition. 



In regard to food, the estimate of the agent for 1878 is that 75 per 

 cent, is obtained by Indian labor in civilized pursuits and 25 by hunting, 

 fishing, and by gathering roots and berries. The Twanas generally 

 have tables and some have table-cloths. 



I was lately present at one feast where tables, white table-cloths, 

 chairs, dishes, and civilized food had entirely superseded the old style 

 equipments and provisions. On the 1st of July, 1878, they prepared a 

 long table oiit-doors, with seats and a stove near by to warm tea, coffee, 

 etc., with a full supply of dishes and food, much the same as the whites 

 on this coast would have done at a feast. 



Many have abandoned the old way of smoking the salmon, their native 

 food, and have adopted the American style of salting it. Potatoes, flour. 



