622 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



The young- shoots of the thimble-cap, salmon berry, and a plant, name 

 unknown, were and are still eaten; of all these the kamass and fern 

 cakes, as far as I know, were alone put up for future use; neither is now 

 much used. 



Wild fruits. — The blackberry, three kinds of huckleberry (black, red, 

 and blue), sallal berry, cranberry, gooseberry, hazel-nut, salmon berry, 

 strawberry, raspberry, crab-apple, currant, elderberry, and a small red 

 berry from their tobacco plant, are all used for food. The blackberry, 

 two varieties of huckleberry, and sallal berry are dried for storage, the 

 first being often pounded up and made into cakes. Between the young 

 shoots, roots, and fruits they have some kind of vegetable food most of 

 the time. 



Land mammals. — The beaver, black bear, deer, elk, otter, wild cat, rac- 

 coon, and mountain sheep were used for food, all except the mountain 

 sheep and wild cat being still in use. When a bear is killed it is very 

 common to invite friends and have a feast. The flesh of the deer, elk, 

 and bear is dried. 



The crane, grouse, goose, gull, light and dark loon, pheasant, and 

 seven varieties of ducks, viz, the mallard, pin-tail, scoter, wood, teal, 

 diver, and canvas-back, are eaten. The grouse and mallard duck were 

 not eaten until the whites came; the mallard because it fed on snails. 

 None of these were put up for future use, but now ducks are sometimes 

 salted down by the barrel. 



Salt was never used until the whites came, and even now they do not 

 salt much of their food. There is no place in this region where salt can 

 be obtained, except in the sea. They did not even have in their lan- 

 guage a word for salt, though they had terms designating its quality 

 and also one for salt water. I have occasiopally seen them drink salt 

 water with relish, and they may have thus satisfied the demands of 

 nature. 



Coolcing. — Birds and oysters are now generally boiled. Young sprouts 

 are eaten raw. Muscles are roasted in the fire. Fish, Avhen eaten fresh, 

 are boiled or roasted on spits before the fire. Other animal food is 

 roasted on the spit, boiled, or steamed. Berries are eaten raw, stewed, 

 and in pies. In steaming food in large quantities they follow much the 

 same rules as when cooking and opening clams, but dry branches 

 of trees are used in connection with the mats. Formerly in boiling 

 they heated stones and placed them in water in their water-tight 

 baskets. 



Storing. — Cultivated roots when stored are commonly "cached" in 

 the ground and covered with boards and earth, regular cellars being 

 uncommon. 



Brinlis. — Tea and cofl'ee are now very common, but when not able to 

 obtain these they have occasionally^ made a tea from the leaves of the 

 cranberry, blackberry, and hemlock. They use but little milk, for while 

 they have some cows they think dair^un^ too much trouble, 



