624 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



and a little more in diameter, being couoidal. Sticks are driven into the 

 gronud near together, bent over, covered with large leaves, as those of 

 tlie maple tree, and then covered with dirt. They are only intended for 

 one person at a time. 



Large dwelling houses. — These are usually 25 or 30 feet wide by 40 

 or 50 long, though occasionally they are made 80 or 100 feet long. 

 They are each owned by one man, but intended for sov^eral families, 

 usually his friends and relations, who pay no rent. There is no floor. 

 The doors are either at each end or in the middle of one siite, and in- 

 side the house there are small walls on each side of the entrance, siniilar 

 to that in the potlatch house, to guard against the wind. Each corner 

 is intended for one family, but sometimes more occupy it, On the in- 

 side, all around the building, there is abed platform about 3i feet wide 

 and 2 feet high. A part of this is used for storing their effects. Under- 

 neath it, also, many things are kept. Below and in front of it is a low 

 seat about G inches high and 3 feet wide, which is also sometimes used 

 as a place lor sleeping. The fire is ou the ground in front of this and 

 the smoke escapes by holes in the roof immediately over the fire and 

 about 7 feet above tlie ground. Sticks are placed in various posi- 

 tions wdiere food, especially fish and clams, are hung to dry. This 

 class of houses is now used very little by the Twanas. 



Flat roofed dwelling-houses. — The sides of such houses are made both 

 of upright and horizontal boards, and the roof is composed of two parts, 

 that made of s[)lit cedar boards or clap-boards, which generally have a 

 steep pitch, and another part made of long boards. Such a house is in- 

 tended for only one or two families, and the inside arrangement is very 

 similar to that of the large dwelling-house. 



Mouse with roof wholly on one side. — In this the roof is similar to that 

 of the last. This is said to have been anciently the almost universal 

 mode of building all permanent houses, and the boards for the roof were 

 hollowed out. This form of house is now seldom used. 



The Government houses. — These were built on the reservation for the 

 Twanas by the Government carpenter, the Indians having been in- 

 duced to use a part of their annuity money to purchase the lumber, and 

 are now the dwellings most in use. A number of the Klallam Indians 

 have also built similar structures for themselves. These houses are 

 mostly 16 by 22 feet, with a shed kitchen 8 or 9 feet wide added on 

 one side. Inside they are generally divided into a bed-room, sitting- 

 room, and kitchen. Some of the rooms are papered and are furnished 

 with beds, tables, chairs, benches, a cupboard, and a stove or two, and 

 a few either have mats, a few rugs, or pieces of carpet on the floors. 

 They have also clocks, dishes, looking-glasses, etc., and in one there is 

 a bureau. 



The mat house. — These are made of mats, and of late some boards are 

 also used in their construction. They are intended as temporary houses 

 aud are generally put up at fishing places during the summer. Inside, 



