632 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



rasps and liafted with wood fastened together by a thong. All but 

 one appear to be flattened at least on one side and some on both sides, 

 and evidently intended to be halted in that way. They are all well 

 polished. 



Wedges. — Large wedges were and are still made of wood. At present 

 those of iron regularly made for the purpose, or old iron ax-heads, are 

 very commonly used. 



Chisels. — Those of American manufacture are now wholly used. I 

 hav^e seen only two of native make. Hammers of American make are 

 also chiefly used, though occasionally stone tools are employed. 



Implements of special use. — The number of stone axes, hammers, etc., 

 which still remain among them show that some tools were used iu 

 their construction, but I have seen no such tools and heard of none, ex- 

 cept that some say one stone was used to break, grind, and polish 

 another. Their bone knives must have been used for making bows and 

 arrows. There was but little need of implements for straightening ar- 

 rows, as both cedar and iron-wood are naturally straight enough. For 

 fastening the leathers and heads to the shafts a string of some thin 

 bark like the hazel bark is used, and in securing the heads the string 

 is covered with i)itch of the red fir. Their fish-spear heads are fastened 

 in the same way. The ends of the bows are bent by being wrapped in 

 sea- weed or moss and buried iu the warm ground very near the fire, 

 where they steam, after which they are easily bent. Nettle strings and 

 entrails of deer and the like, properly prepared, were used for bow-strings 

 previous to the coming of the whites. 



WEAPONS. 



Striking arms. — Clubs were nsed for striking, especially when the 

 Indians creep up by night in some stealthy way and surprise their 

 enemies. One found near Dunginess had a whale-bone handle. The 

 carvings are intended to represent the head of the thunder-bird, an 

 emblem of i)ower. Wooden clubs were also used. 



Slings and shots or stones are used only by boys as playthings, and 

 formerly by young men iu killing ducks. 



Fire-pots, filled with pitch wood, were formerly used to set houses 

 on fire iuto which the enemy had fled. A part of the besieging force 

 would attack one side of the house in order to draw the attention of the 

 besieged away from the opposite side, when the party with these fire-pots 

 would approach, set fire to the pitch wood, throw it on the roof, and as 

 the besieged attempted to escape they were kdled with spears, clubs, 

 knives, or were shot. 



Thrusting arms. — Spears for hunting ducks have usually a handle 15 

 or 20 feet long, and the prongs so far apart as not to injure the body 

 of the bird. The teeth of the prongs are on the outside so as simply to 

 catch in the feathers. These were formerly made both of bone and 

 hard wood, but iron has been substituted for bone. A school-boy wrote 



