634 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



or Dative book is worked in much the same way as the last. It con- 

 sists of two spear-lieads, the sharp point of each being of iron (formerly 

 boiie was used). This is fastened to two bones or pieces of hard wood 

 by strings covered with pitch, and the whole is then fastened by strings 

 or thongs to poles which also fit into tjje hooks. 



There are several fishing implements used only by the Klallams, since 

 the prey they are designed to capture, viz, halibut, whale, and seal, 

 valuable for its furs, are not found in the Twana waters. One is a hali- 

 but hook made of a piece of bone and fastened by strings of cedar bark 

 to a piece of hemlock wood bent by steaming to the required shape. 



There is also a cod-fish hook. The head is of bone fastened with 

 bark to a piece of whalebone. The bait, which is often a small fish, is 

 slipped over the end; hence the necessity of a loop by which it is fast- 

 ened to the line. The liues used with this hook are often of tine root- 

 lets of the kelp, which when dry are brittle, but when wet are very 

 strong. 



These lines are used for various kinds of fishing by the Klallams, 

 but are uot used by the Twanas, as the kelp does not grow in their 

 waters. Another, used for seal and whales, has a steel head which 

 fits over a wooden handle to which it is fastened by thongs. The 

 lower Klallams alone know the i)rocess of catching seal, and they 

 have to go to the Makah waters for this purpose. 



TrapH and nets. — A way of taking salmon in rivers is to build a 

 tra}) across the river. A number, of small sticks three-fourths of an 

 inch in diameter and 6^ feet long are fastened together 2 inches apart. 

 Long sticks are placed across the stream and secured by braces. The 

 small sticks or weir are placed so as to lean against these larger ones, 

 the upper end slanting down-stream and tied to the poles; while for 

 additional security the gravel of the bed of the river is shoveled on 

 around the bottom of them. The weir prevents the fish from ascending 

 the stream. Nets are then provided, about 6 feet broad and 2 feet deep, 

 made of strings and secured to a rim of wood. Native strings of this 

 sort are made of nettle or alderbark twisted, but American twine is 

 now often used. During the day-time these nets are pulled up, but let 

 down at night, when the fish are running, one man watching each net. 

 The fish striving to ascend get into these nets, and their presence is im- 

 mediately known by the moving of the string. The net is then pulled 

 up, the fish killed with a club and laid on a platform. These clubs are 

 often common sticks, but are sometimes fancifully carved. There are 

 usuall}^ four nets let down at once to form the trap. Another trap is 

 made in a similar way as regards the weir, but otherwise differing 

 across the stream. Up-stream from the weir several pens are built, in 

 which doors are made V shaped, opening from below. The fish easily 

 enter this, but, unable to find the way out, are speared. 



Salmon in the salt water are also taken with seines, either bought or 

 made by the Indians. In making them they wind the twine on a frame 



