INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 635 



or bobbin of wood, which is open at the ends so as to receive the twine. 

 The knots are tied over a block so as to secure interstices of uniform 

 size. Another form of net, for gathering sea eggs and small tish, has a 

 handle about 10 feet long aud the rim of hoop-iron. 



A sinker of stone is not manufactured, but a water- worn stone of the 

 right kind is found on the beach and bark is fastened around it, to 

 which the line is attached. 



INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. 



Leather-worMng. — The deer or elk hide is soaked for two days and 

 the hair removed by scraping it with a rough iron. It is then soaked 

 a half day with the deer brains in hot water over the fire, the brains 

 being rubbed over something like soap. It is then stretched aud rubbed 

 with rocks until it becomes soft aud pliable, when they dig a hole in 

 the ground, build a fire of rotten wood or cedar bark, stretch the skin 

 over it and cover it with blankets, thus smoking it, after which it is fit 

 for use. The stick on which the skiu is placed to remove the hair is 4 

 inches in diameter, but on the under side about 1 inch is taken off. An 

 irregular broken stone, fastened to a wooden handle, is used for rubbing 

 the skin to render it pliable. The handle is about 3i feet long. Some- 

 times, though, the stone is used without being fastened to a handle, 

 being simply held in the hand. This one is about an inch thick. 



Sticksof various kinds, and sometimes irons about 2 feet long, are used 

 for digging roots, clams, etc. 



Basket n'orking. — A bone implement is used for pressing the parts 

 closely together in weaving baskets. Such tools are also made of hard 

 wood. This and an awl for sewing the water-tight baskets are the only 

 tools I have seen used in this work. 



Implements for worM7ig fiber. — There is a wooden hand-spindle used 

 now for making woolen yarn, but formerly for making yarn of other 

 materials to be woven into blankets. This implement consists of a slen- 

 der stick fixed in the center of a circular disk or wheel about one-fourth 

 of an inch thick. The material to be spun is fastened to one end of the 

 stick, the opposite end is taken in one hand and rolled over and over in 

 the lap, while the other hand holds the yarn, which made in this way 

 is very uneven. Occasionally very inferior yarn is made in this way by 

 twisting the material with the hand on the lap. American cards are 

 now used, and spinning-wheels have been introduced to some extent. 



A loom secured to the ground by its pointed feet was formerly used 

 in weaving blankets, but it is now occasionally used in weaving rugs. 



Painting. — Before the introduction of American paints, black paint 

 was made from coal, which is still used as a cheap paint, especially 

 when painting the face; one kind of red paint was made from a red clay 

 obtained by the Twanas about G miles below the reservation on the east 

 side of the canal. There is a tradition about that clay as follows: 

 " Long ago, before Dokibatt came, this bank was the Klikitat Indians 



