INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 637 



Strong. Flat grass aud strips of bark from au eighth to a half inch 

 wide are also used in various ways, especially in making arrows and 

 fishing implements. 



Kopes used as hitching ropes, bridles, etc., for horses are made by 

 braiding the long hairs from the horses' manes and tails. They are 

 made about a half inch in diameter and are very strong and durable. 

 Elk, deer, and other skins, both dried and tanned, are cut into thongs 

 which are used for various purposes. Fibrous tissue from the deer, 

 the elk, and the whale is used in sewing. 



Other processes. — Obtaining oil from the liver of the dog-fish by boil- 

 ing has become quite a business, as the oil is in demand by the loggers. 

 Gathering oysters and clams, halibut and salmon for American canne- 

 ries occupies a number. The Twanas are engaged iu farming more than 

 the Klallams and more in logging, but the latter work more in saw- 

 mills than the former. 



LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORTATION. 



Travelling by tcater. — This is the chief mode of travel by these Indians, 

 as their land is all situated on the shores of the sound, with its bays 

 and inlets. The Klallams are more confined to it than the Twanas, 

 owing to the mountainous character of their country, which makes it 

 impracticable to visit by way of land any other Indians, while the 

 Twanas are obliged to travel at least 10 miles southeast by land iu 

 order to reach the waters on which the Skwaksins live, and 30 or more 

 to the south to reach the Chehalis Indians, with both of which tribes 

 they have considerable intercourse. Trips to these tribes, and occa- 

 sionally to Olympia and the Nisqually country, 40 miles to the south- 

 east, together with their hunting excursions, constitute the sum of their 

 land journeys. All other travel is by water. The Klallams own larger 

 canoes and are better navigators than the Twanas, as they live nearer 

 the month of the Straits of Fuca, where there is less protection from 

 the ocean winds than in the Twana waters. 



On January 30, 1878, I started with about sixty-five Twana Indians, 

 in seven canoes, to attend a potlatch. We paddled until it began to 

 rain, and also to blow favorably, so that nearly all, except those who 

 steered, spent the time in trying to keep dry. A few had oilcloth 

 coats, a few umbrellas, but the most of them used their common mats, 

 which are almost water-proof. It was rather comical to see a number 

 of persons, mostly women and children, sitting in a canoe with a mat 

 stretched over them, extending almost from one end of the canoe to the 

 other. From a side view, only their heads were visible. Towards even- 

 ing, after travelling seven and a half hours, aud making a distance of 

 30 miles, we arrived at Seabeck. The next day it rained heavily until 

 noon, and they decided not to start again on the voyage until the fol- 

 lowing day, as there was a head wind which would prevent their reach- 

 ing a shelter before night, and moreover they did not wish to be the 



