INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 643 



iron is used. Most of the smaller canoes have no anchors, being tied 

 with ropes or haule<l on shore. 



Bailing vessels for canoes are of several kinds, sonietimes carved out 

 of alder wood and without handle. Some are made of cedar bark, the 

 handle only being of wood. This is used but very little now. Often the 

 water is bailed out with the hand, and old tin vessels of American man- 

 ufacture are used. 



TRAVELLING ON FOOT. 



They generally travel only short distances on foot, seldom more than 

 10 miles, except in hunting. In coming to the Twana potlatch of 1878, 

 however, the Quinaielt Indians came about 100 miles, chiefly on 

 foot. In this short journey they often, the women especially', carry 

 large loads. The way they usually prefer to do this is to take the car- 

 rying strap, tie the ends, which are several feet long, around the load, 

 when it is of wood, mats, and such articles, or into the handles of bas- 

 kets filled with potatoes, fish, apples, and other small objects. They then 

 place the load on the back, and the flat part of the strap around the 

 forehead. Formerly these straps were made of some tough bark, such 

 as that of alder, braided. Now they use straps woven of strings and 

 rags. 



Snoiv-shoes. — These are very scarce and are not often used, except 

 for hunting in the mountains in the winter, as the snow is not usually 

 deep nor does it lie long on the shores of the sound. 



Land conveyances. — Horses are used much more by the Twanas thau 

 by the Klallams, but so little by either tribe that they take very little 

 pride in adorning their saddles and trappings. Common American or 

 Spanish saddles are generally used ; occasionally their horses shod'. 

 For some reason the word for horse, ste-a-Jce-o, is evidently derived from 

 the Nisqually word stuk-ai o, meaning wolf, but from what resemblance 

 to that animal I have never been able to learn. The same word, stiakeo, 

 is found, as I am told, in the Chehalis language, and in all languages of 

 the Sound except the Makah and the almost dead Chemakum. 



MEASURES AND VALUES. 



Counting. — The vocabularies for the first ten numerals of the Twana, 

 Nasqually (Skwaksin dialect), Chemakum, and Klaliam, are here given; 

 to which for the sake of comparison are added those of the languages 

 of several neighboring tribes which I have gathered from the members 

 of these tribes who are either inter-married or have visited at Skoko- 

 mish. These comprise most of the languages spoken on the Sound. 



