THE FRENCH HALF-BREEDS OF THE NORTHWEST. 300 



originally semicircular, dating - from the thirteenth century, has been re- 

 stored by the church or by the community at a cost of 84,000 francs, 

 (810,800), and the exterior now being repaired will demand about 280,000 

 francs ($50,000). 



In Fionia, through the same agency, the church of Samt-Kniid, at 

 Odense,.a brick structure, with a crypt recently discovered, in ogival 

 style, dating from the thirteenth or fourteenth century, has been re- 

 paired at a cost of 238,000 francs (847,000). 



In Seeland, the cathedral of Roskilde, a brick edifice transitional in 

 style, dating from the commencement of the thirteenth century, has cost 

 for reconstruction 420,00!) francs (884,000). 



The rich academy of Sorae, in Seeland, which belongs to the state, has 

 restored at great cost the imposing church of its ancient monastery, a 

 remarkable brick structure, dating from 1170 or thereabouts, and of the 

 still more ancient church of Fjenneslevlille, of which it has the patronage, 

 the academy has rebuilt in its primitive style the twin tower, previously 

 much injured. 



In all these churches the paint which covered up the ancient figures 

 or mural decorations has been removed, the old altar scenes, the bap- 

 tismal fonts, the epitaphs, the monumental stones, the paintings, and 

 other relics of antiquity have been carefully restored and preserved. 

 From what has been said, particularly concerning the church of the 

 village of Fjenneslevlille, it is scarcely worth while to remark that the 

 example of the restoration of great churches has had a very salutary 

 influence upon the refitting of the smaller ones. 



THE FRENCH HALF-BREEDS OF THE NORTHAVEST. 



By V. Havard, M D., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. 

 INTRODUCTION. 



The power of France in North America has passed away, but the 

 memory of its regime still endures throughout the vast territories dis- 

 covered and colonized by the hardy Canadian pioneers, with the blood, 

 language, and character of a large proportion of their inhabitants. 



Always the friends of the Indians, the French explorers, traders, and 

 voyageurs often became identified with their interests and fortunes, and 

 freely intermarried with them. Their mixed-blood descendants, found 

 mostly north and west of the great lakes, scattered throughout the British 

 Possessions and the Northwestern States, have been, in their humble 

 way, playing an important part in the colonization and civilization of 

 the Far West. 



Sailing down the lied River of the North into the Canadian province 

 of Manitoba, the traveler finds himself at their headquarters. Be 

 observes men and women with almost the dusky complexion of the ab- 

 origine, but dressed in a civilized garb. They speak a French dialect, 



