316 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



souris. He was afterwards left in command of Fort d'Orleans, erected 

 on an island in the Missouri 5 miles below Grand Eiver. At Berthohl 

 Agency 1 can hear only of 2 or 3, which is rather surprising, as the 

 French had relations with the'Eees, Mandans, and Gros Ventres long 

 before Lewis and Clarke ascended the Missouri, in 1804. The Mandans 

 were first visited by De la Verendrye's sons in 1738. There are also a 

 few at Spotted Tail and Eed Cloud Agencies. 



Pembina, first colonized by discharged Canadian servants of the 

 Northwest Fur Company at the end of the last century, consequently 

 the oldest settlement in Dakota, contains 110 half-breed families, whose 

 houses line Eed and Pembina Livers. There are families at Salt 

 Eiver and 14 at Grand Fork. On the upper part of the Pembina Eiver, 

 at Saint Joseph, and on the Pembina Mountains are about 70 families. 

 Total in Dakota, estimating each family at 5 persons, 1,280. 



Montana. — In Montana there are as follows: About 15 at Crow Agency 

 and adjacent points on the Yellowstone; about 20 near Fort Benton, set- 

 tled on Teton and Maria's Eivers; 1 or 2 at Wolf Point, on the Missouri. 

 On Milk Eiver, below Fort Browning, near the Big Bend, is a large, 

 moving camp of about 150 lodges, or 050 persons. They probably mi- 

 grated from Manitoba, and subsist mostly on the products of the buffalo 

 hunt. At Fort Belknap reside 1 or 2 families; at Carroll, on the Mis- 

 souri, 1 family. In Missoula County, originally settled by Canadian fur 

 traders, we find about 300 half-breeds, principally located at the Flat- 

 head Agency, Saint Ignatius Mission, Flathead Lake, and French Town. 

 Total in Montana, 1,008. 



Iowa. — At the Sac and Fox Agencies a few families, about 25 persons. 



Nebraska. — We find Canadian mixed-blood guides and interpreters at 

 several of the military posts; at the Sautee Agency about 45, who re- 

 moved there after the Minnesota outbreak of 1862; at the Winnebago 

 Agency about 40; at the Pawnee Agency and Fort Laramie, a few. 

 Total, about 130. The French had pretty thoroughly explored Nebraska 

 at the end of the last century. Lewis and Clarke met several of them 

 on tlie Missouri who had been wintering on the Platte and other western 

 tributaries, and engaged as interpreter one Durion, a half-breed, who 

 had lived twenty years with the Sioux. 



Wyoming. — About 12 at the Shoshoni Agency, and 2 or 3 hunting in 

 the vicinity of Fort Fetterman. Total, 15. 



Indian Territory. — About thirty settled on North Fork of Canadian 

 Liver, and the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Reservation. Most of these are 

 probably the descendants of the 8 Canadians, employes of the Hudson 

 Bay Company, who at the beginning of this century, having wandered 

 in a southern direction in quest of furs, were captured by a party of 

 Mexicans and afterwards allowed to settle in New Mexico. Canadian 

 Eiver was named after them. 



Idaho. — About 15 at the Nez Perces Agency, and 8 near Fort Lapwai. 

 Total, £3. 



Oregon. — The Northwest and the Hudson Bay Companies, during the 



