BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL STONES. 523 



Granite. A rock consisting of quartz, ortboclase, and mica or other accessory min- 

 erals. In the stone-cutter's nomenclature no distinction is made between the 

 varieties ; all stones which are liard, granular, and crystallized arc called gran- 

 ite. 



Granitoid. Thoroughly crystalline and massive, like granite. 



Granular. A term applied to rocks composed of distinct grains, whether fragmcntal 

 and water worn or crystalline. 



Greenstone or griinstein. A term formerly used to designate certain basic erui)livo 

 rocks occurring in the form of dikes. Through mistaken notions regarding their 

 true nature and from a general similarity in their a])pearance the nann^ was 

 made to include a variety of compact, dark-greenish or nearly black rocks, 

 which microscopic examination has shown to be principally diabase and dio- 

 rite. 



Grit. Any sharp, gritty sandstone or schist used as a whetstone or hone. 



Grubsaw. A saw made from a notched blade of thin iron, and ])rovided with a 

 wooden back. Used with sand for sawing stone by hand-power. (.See Plate v.) 



Guys. Kopes or chains used to prevent anything from swinging or moving about. 



Hackly fracture. A term applied when the surfaces of a fracture are rough and 

 jagged. 



Joints. Divisional planes wliich divide the rock in the quarry into natural blocks. 

 There are usually two or three nearly parallel series called by (luarrymcni 

 end joinis, back joints, and bottom joints, according to their ))osition. (See 

 section F.) 



Ledge. Any natural solid body of rock. 



Lewis hole. The Lewis* hole consists of a series of two or more hoh^s drilled as 

 closely together as possible, and then connected by knocking out the thin i)ar- 

 titiou between tliem, forming thus one wide hole, having its greatest diameter 

 in a plane with the desired rift. Blasts from sucii holes are wedge-like in 

 their action, and by means of them larger and bettcr-shai)ed blocks can be 

 taken out than would otherwise be possible. This style of hole is saidt to 

 have been devised by a Mr. .Joseph Richards, of Quincy, thongh at about what 

 date we are not informed. This same gentleman was also the inventor of the 

 bush hammer, which, however, when tirst patented, about 1S:51, consisted of a 

 solid piece, instead of several pieces bolted together as now. 



Limestone. Under this term almost all the calcareous (quarried rocks, whether frag- 

 mcntal or crystalline, are classified. 



Liver rock. This term is applied to that variety of the Ohio sandstone which breaks 

 or cuts as readily in one direction as in another. In other words, the working 

 of the stone is not affected by stratification. 



Lyonaise marble. A local term ai)plied to niarbli>s which are composed of a inixtui'e 

 of red and while cobus, as those of Mallet's Bay, Vt. 



Marble. Any linn^stone or doloini te capable of being polished and su lied for f)rna- 

 mental work. 



Massive; unstratified. Having, no definite arrangement in layers or strata, but the 

 various ingredients being thoroughly commingled, as in granite and diabase. 



Nigger head. (I) The black concretionary nodules found in granite; 



(2) Any liard, dark, colored rock weathering out into rounded nodiih's or 

 bowlders; 



(3) Slaty rock associated with sandstone. A ([uarryman's term. 

 Oolite. A stone composed of small globules resembling the roe of a fish. 

 Ophiocalcite. A mixture of serpentine and limestone. 



"This word is spelled by some Louis, 

 t Potter's History of (Quincy, Mass. 



