METEOROLOGY. 277 



74. Dr. A. Woeikof contributes a valuable study on the climate of 

 Eastern Siberia, showing that one i)art of Eastern Siberia is entirely in 

 the monsoon region of Eastern Asia, while the other portion can be 

 considered as the northern limit of this same monsoon region. Among 

 other things lie shows (1) for the greater part of Eastern Siberia that 

 since the greatest cold occuis with calms and feeble winds, therefore the 

 valleys and lowlands are in winter colder than the high lands; (2) the 

 temperature of isolated hills is still higher; (3) the cooling of the val- 

 leys is so long continued and intense that even the temperature of the 

 year is lower there, as proved by the observed temperature of the 

 ground; (4) the depth of the frozen earth is greater in the valleys than 

 on the neighboring highlands, probably also greater than on the high 

 mountains ; (5) in the Tundra of the extreme north the winter is warmer 

 than in the valleys of the forest regions of the south, probably because 

 the strong winds prevent the long stagnation of the coldest low stratum 

 of air. (D. M. Z., i, p. 443.) 



76. The Austrian Hydrographic Office has published a hand-book of 

 oceanography and maritime Meteorology, in which the separate chap- 

 ters are composed by distinguished Austrian scholars ; the whole forms 

 a remarkable monument to the industry of the authors and to the 

 progress that is being made in everything that relates to the ocean and 

 its navigation. The first division of these two large volumes relates to 

 the physiography of the sea, including instruments for measuring the 

 depth and the currents, the waves, the chemical constituents, and a 

 summary of the results of all the work done in these departments. 

 The second division, on maritime meteorology, occupies about 400 pages, 

 and is compiled by Prof. F. Attlmayer, of the Naval Academy. {Z. 0. 

 G. M., XXX, p. 349.) 



76. Prof. H. Mohn gives a summary of the climate of Norway, based 

 principally upon recent observations conducted in a uniform manner 

 with well- verified instruments. The altitudes for the stations seem gen- 

 erally to have been determined barometrically. A permanent baromet- 

 ric minimum exists southwest of Iceland, and another, not so deep,. in 

 the Norwegian Sea. From October to April a maximum prevails over 

 the southwestern part of Norway. From May to September in South- 

 western Norway a minimum exists. The isobars, like the isotherms, 

 show a great tendency to follow the trend of the coast. {Z. 0. 0. M., 

 XIX, p. 145.) 



77. Dr. 0. Lang, of Munich, publishes in the fourth volume of Obser- 

 vations at Bavarian stations an exhaustive monograph on the climate 

 of Munich, a work so comi)lete that scarcely another can be found to 

 compare with it. The observations extend from 1781 to 1880. Among 

 the numerous tabular and statistical results, Dr. Lang occasionally in- 

 troduces matter of general interest, such as his discussion as to what 

 constitutes a raw and unpleasant climate. 



78. [In regard to this we are of the opinion that ordinary raeteorologi- 



