ZOOLOGY. 591 



four modes are: first, by divisicn ; second, by the iustautaneous tlirow- 

 iuj; off of a Hinall mass of sarcode; third, by the traiisformatiou of the 

 body iuto flagellate KKiiads; ixud fourth, hy the formation and libera- 

 tion of minute germs. 



"By the first mode (and this is the most eommou), the sarcode mass 

 within the capsule withdraws its rays, constricts, and divides into from 

 two to four granular masses, which, after a varying period of rest, pass 

 out from the capsule and instantly shoot forth pseud opodial rays on all 

 sides, thus assuming the ai)pearance of an Actinophrys sol. These Acti- 

 nophrys-like bodies after a time develop a protoplasmic stalk, or pedi- 

 cel, by which they attach themseh'es, usually to the i)arent capsule. A 

 thin tilm of protoplasm is then thrown out and subtended by the rays, 

 at a short distance from the body, and this, by development and secre- 

 tion, becomes the latticed siliceous capsult*. The pedicel also becomes 

 more rigid, though always retaining a degree cf flexibleness. This 

 manner of reproductio-a was first described by Cienkowski, the great 

 Eussian observer, and. discoverer of Clathrulina elegans (see Leidy's 

 Rhizopods of North America). 



" In the second mode of reproduction, the rays are not withdrawn, nor 

 does the body divide, but the sarcode becomes finally vacuolate, present- 

 ing knob like projections. Suddeulj^ a small mass of sarcode, usually 

 one of the knob-like projections, detaches itself, and, passing out of the 

 capsule, shoots out rays and develops, though more slowly, in the man- 

 ner above described. This contmues until the parent body is much re- 

 duced in size, when the rays again protrude and the animal returns to 

 its normal condition. 



" The third mode of reproduction is by the formation and liberation 

 of minute germs. In this state, also, the rays are not withdrawn, but 

 the body of the Clathrulina becomes filled with minute green particles, 

 which, even before liberation, exhibit active motion. A number ot 

 these are exi)elled, inclosed in a thin protoplasmic film or globular sac, 

 which bursts shortly, and the liberated germs swim away. The devel- 

 opment of these germs, after this point, is yet to be followed. 



^'- 1l\iq fourth mode is still more remarkable, and is also significant in 

 bringing to light a uew phase in the life history of the Heliozoa. The 

 Clathrulina, in which these phenomena were first observed, withdrew 

 its rays and divided into four i)arts, as in the ordinary method ; but the 

 sarcode, instead of becoming granular and of a rough surface, grew 

 smootherand more transparent. Then followed the period of quiescence; 

 in this case of five or six hours' duration, although in other instances 

 lasting three days and nights ; after which one of the lour ])arts began 

 slowly to emerge from the capsule, a second following a few moments 

 later." 



For the further progress of the last mode of multiplication, reference 

 must be made to Miss Foiilke's own communication. She (hiuKs that 

 " this mode yf reproduotiou securc>-j a ujove wide spread distribution of 



