246 



EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS. 



In 1858 Leon Scott invented the phonautog-raph seen in tig. 5. In 

 its first form this instrninent gaxe very imperfect tracings, ))ut it 

 is of great interest as being the forerunner of the phonograph. It 

 was much improved by Rudolph Konig, of Paris. Bonders" in 1868 



Fig. 5.— Phonantograph of Leon Scott. A, paraboloid resonator, closed at one end by a membrane, 

 to which a light lever is attached. C is a drum covered with smoked paper on which the lever 

 traces a curve. As C rotates it moves from right to left. 



was the tirst to use the instrument in the investigation of vowel 

 tone. Then came the logograph of Barlow'' in 1876, which was a 

 membrane furnished with a rigid, but light, lever, having its fulcrum 

 at the edge of the membrane, while the power was applied from the 

 center of the UKMnbrane. This gave more accurate tracings — that is 



i'lG. 6. — Tracings of the 

 sound b c. 



Fig. 7. — 'VUv sound e b. 



A £ 



Flfi. 8.— The sound h c h. 



to sa}', tracings that indicated with more precision the variations of 

 pressure on the membrane. Examples are given in tigs. 6, 7, and 8. 

 In tig. 6, at a, the membrane is at rest; at b the lever is raised by 

 the sudden emission of the consonant h, and this is succeeded b}' the 

 prolonged vibration of the vowel e. Fig. 7 gives a different picture 



"Donders: Znr Klaiiijfarbe der Vocale (Ann. der Physik und Cheniie, 1868). 

 ''Barlow: On the Articulation of the Human Voice, as Illustrated by the Logo- 

 firaph (Trans. Roy. See. 1876). 



