252 



EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS. 



Fig. 18. — Blake's mirriir. 



jLUJJJJI/l/V 



SUUUW^' 



A. M. Mayer" in the same year. The subject was taken up l>y 

 Hermann '' about 1S90, and he obtained vahiable tracings by using the 

 wax-cylinder phonograph. He succeeded in obtain- 

 ing photographs of the curves on the wax cylin- 

 der, a beam of light reflected froth a small mirror 

 attached to the vibrating disk of the phonograph 

 l)eing allowed to fall on a sensitive plate while the 

 phonograph was slowly traveling. In 1891 Boeke'' 

 measured with great accuracy the dimensions of the 

 marks on the wax cylinder, and from these constructed the correspond- 

 ing curves. This method 

 has also been adopted 

 by Marichelle.'' McKen- 

 drick' in 1895 photo- 

 graphed the marks on 

 the wax cylinder of the 

 phonograph, and in 1896 

 he devised a recorder for 



enlaro'ino* the curves on Fig. 19.— Photographic tracings obtained by Blake's method. 



the well-known principle of the syphon recorder. In 1899 Scripture,-^ 



of Yale, investigated vowel sounds 

 with the aid of the gramophone. He 

 transcri])ed, by an ingenious mechan- 

 ical device, the marks on the gramo- 

 phone disk into the forms of curves 

 and made a minute analysis. Lastly, 

 Marage/'' in a series of masterly 

 papers, reinvestigated the whole sub- 

 ject of vowel tones with the aid of 

 a chrono-photographic method and a 

 special form of s^n'en invented by 

 himself. 



The various experimental methods 

 we have descri])ed have been chietiy 



directed to an examination of the nature of vowel sounds. What 



BROWN 



SI 



Fig. 20. — Palmoplic capsule of Rigollot and 

 Chavanon (rraA/iiKos, pertaining to vibra- 

 tions). E F, collodion membrane; M, mir- 

 ror carried by a wire n e, stretched between 

 support.? A and b, and regulated by the 

 screw H; p, small cube of India rubber 

 resting on center of membrane; t, tube. 



« Mayer: Journal de Physique, 1878. 



^A full bibliographical reference to Hermann'.s j)aperH is given in 8ch:ifer's Text- 

 Book of Physiology, vol. ii, p. 1222. 



''Boeke: Microscopische Phonogrammstudien (Arcliiv. f. il. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 

 B(l. i, 8. 297; also Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1898). 



''Marichelle: La Parole d'apres le Trac^ du Phonographe (1897). 



'McKendrick: Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxviii, pt. iv; Proc. Roy. Hoc. 

 Edin., 1896-97; also Sound Waves as Revealed by the Phonograph (London, 1897). 



./"Scripture: Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory (1899). 



f/Marage: Connnent parlent les Plionographes; Les Exercises Acoustiques chez 

 Les Sourds Muets; Role de la chaine des osselets dans 1' Audition; and Tlu'urie de la 

 Formation des Yoyelies (from 1897 onward). 



