THE GKANIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES. 437 



Up to within recent times it was held that no human be.ngs existed 

 on the earth before the Quaternary geological epoch. But in the year 

 1867 the Ahh6 Burgeois exhibited a coIU'ction of chipped flint weapons 

 whicli he had discovei'ed in a prt'viously undisturbed Tertiary forma- 

 tion; it was not, however, until isTi^ that these instruments were 

 admitted to have l)een made by man or some other animal living pre- 

 viously to the conunencement of the Quaternai-y |)eriod. Precisely 

 similar Hint weapons have siuce been discovered in Tei-tiary strata in 

 various localities in Europe, and in Asia. 



In the year 1S!)-I: Dr. Eugene Dubois found tiic upper part of a 

 hiuuan skull (calvaria) in close proximity to a fenmr, and two molar 

 teeth in a well-defined Tertiary geological formation in the island of 

 Java. Dr. Dul)ois was emplo3"ed by the Dutch Government to 

 examine and report (»n the fossil-bearing strata of Java, and while 

 engaged on this work he discovered embedded in a hard mass of Ter- 

 tiary tutis the bones al)ove referred to. He brought these fossils to 

 Europe and sul)mitted them for examination to the leading anatomists 

 of this and other countries. They concurred in the opinion that the 

 femur was a human bone belonging to a man of a very low type, and 

 which showed ' " that while it rendered its possessor capable of the bipedal 

 mode of locomotion, he still retained some vestiges of adaptation to an 

 arl)oreal existence.''" There was a dilierence of opinion concerning 

 the calvaria, for it was calculated the capacity of this skidl did not 

 exceed S50 c. c. The cranial capacity of the largest anthropoid ape 

 is Goo c. c. Until the Java skull was found the earliest known human 

 skulls had cranial capacities of about 1,220 c. c. After a complete and 

 exhaustive analysis of the anatomical characters of the Java calvaria, 

 as compared with the skulls of man and apes. Professor Schwalbc has 

 arrived at the conclusion, in which T fully concur, that the Ja\'a skull, 

 taking both its form and capacity into consideration, "" is on the border 

 line l)etween that of man and anthropoid apes;" it is more closely allied 

 to the skulls of th(^ Neanderthal group of men than it is to the ciania 

 of the higher apes, but it is much nearer in anatomical characters to 

 the skull of the chimpanzee than it is to the cranium of the a\'erage 

 adult P^uropeati of the present day.* Nevertheless, from a study of 

 the impressions of the convolutions of the brain on the interior of the 

 Java calvaria. Dr. Dubois has demonstrated that the inferior gyri of 

 the frontal lobes are well marked, and approach in form those of man; 

 and although the superficies of this convolution of the brain in the 

 Java skull is less than half the dimensions of that of F^uropeans of the 

 present day, it is doul)le that possessed b\' the largest known anthro- 

 poid ape. This fact suggests that the Jav^a man had in some slight 

 degree the faculty of speech, and that his intellectual capacity was 



"Journal of Anat. and Ph\'i;., new series, vol. xiii, p. 273. 



''Zeitschrift fiir Morphologie und Anthropologie. Professor Dr. (J. Scliwallje, 

 Universitiit Strassburge. Band I, heft 1, 1899, p. 226. 



