THE CKANIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANTHROl'OID APE8. 489 



Neaiidorthiil c-nuiiiuu. This crauiiun, with otlier portions of a Pale- 

 oHthic human skeleton, was found in a limestone cave near Diisseldorf." 

 The cave was raised some (K) feet above the existing- l)ed of the river 

 Diissel, and its floor was covered to a depth of 5 feet l>v fluviatile 

 deposits, beneath which these human remains were discovered. The 

 frontal angle of the Neanderthal and Spy skull (No. 1) is <i4 , that of 

 the Java skull is 50 . whereas the existing- races of adult male Euro- 

 j^eans have a frontal angle of al)out 1»0 ; in this group of skulls, 

 although still l»ut slight, th(^ indications of frontal <Mninences are per- 

 haps more distinct than is th<' case in the flava skull. The skull capacity 

 of the Neanderthal group of human l)eings amounts to 1,220 c. c, the 

 .Ia\a skull to 850 c. c. , whereas Europeans of the present day have an 

 average cranial capacity of 1,540 c. c. to 1,000 c. c. 



We have in our collection also a, skull of the charjicteristic early 

 Paleolithic type, presented to the college by one of our former presi- 

 dents whose memory is treasured b}' all who knew him, Prof. George 

 Busk. It was foiuid in a layer of brecciated talus, under the north 

 front of the Rock of (iibraltar. We have also a cast of the calvaria 

 of one of this race found in county Sligo. Another skull of the same 

 type was discovered at Bury St. Edmunds, with the remains of extinct 

 animals and Mousterian flint weapons.'' 



'I'he anterior surface of the lower jaw among the existing races of 

 Europe projects to foi'in the chin. Among apes the revi^'se is the 

 case, for the anterior surface of their mandil)les recedes. The Malar- 

 naud and the Naulette mandil)les, of which we have casts, are evidently 

 those of human beings. They were found in geological formations 

 (which also contained the bones of extinct species of animals and 

 Paleolithic flint W(nipons). These bones are distinctly ape like in 

 chtiracter, having receding anterior sui'faces, and also the sockets of 

 all the molars are equal in siz(\ The l)on(\s of the legs of these pre- 

 glacial or interglacial inhabitants of Eui'ope are of ape-like form, and, 

 together with the bones of their arms, prove that they were a short 

 powerful race of l)eings whose average stature did not exceed 5 feet. 

 The}' are known as the Neanderthal group of men. The side view of 

 the skulls and that from above of four of the men in this group are 

 illustrated in our chart. 



"Tlie term "Paleolithic " iw applied to i;eolot^ieal formations distinguished by con- 

 taining the rudest shapes of human stone implements associated with the remains 

 of mammals, some of which are entirely extinct, while otliers have disappeared from 

 the districts where tlieir remains have been found. These deposits may l)e classed 

 under the heads of alluvium, brick earth, cavern beds, calcareous tufas, and loess. 

 (Class Book of Geology, Sir A. Geikie, p. 361. ) 



''We possess accurate drawings and a descrii)tion of this cranium. There can be 

 no question that this was a genuine Paleolithic skull, and demonstrated the presence 

 in the county of Suffolk of this race of human Ijeings when England was still con- 

 nected bv land with France. 



