440 THE CRANIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES. 



It should be clearly understood that up to the present time no bona 

 fide human remains belong-ing to the early Paleolithic period haye 

 been discovered in western Europe which were not of the same type 

 as those above described. 



When the glaciers which had extended over the greater part of 

 Europe moved northward, the reindeer j)assed away with them from 

 our part of the continent. These animals, which could be easily cap- 

 tured by man, had roamed in vast herds over the surface of the coun- 

 try, and had pro])ably alforded the human inhabitants of that period, 

 living" in western Europe, an ample supply of food. The climate of 

 our part of the world at the termination of the Glacial period became 

 such as we now experience. Britain was separated from France by 

 sea, and fine rivers containing mnnerous fish filled the valleys of our 

 land: the red deer, wild horse, and various fieet-footed animals abounded 

 in the splendid forests which overspread the country. Rut these ani- 

 mals and the fish of our lakes and rivers were not easily captured, and 

 the human inhabitants of western Europe were therefore compelled 

 to exert their intellectual capacities to an extent not heretofore neces- 

 sar}^ in order to supply themselves with food and with the skins of 

 animals for clothing. Man was able to overcome the ditticulties he 

 had to face, possessing an innate power by means of which, as already 

 explained, his brain was able to develop and so meet the increased 

 demand made upon it in the struggle for existence. That such was 

 the case we judge from the discovery, in geological foimations of the 

 Post-Glacial period, of the skulls of men having the same physical type 

 as those of the strictly early Paleolithic epoch of western Europe, but 

 with increased brain capacity. These Post-Crlacial human skulls indi- 

 cate, in my opinion, a gi'adual transition in form from the ape-like 

 characters of the previous period to a higher standard, and certainly 

 to a much greater skull capacity, esp(>cially in the frontal region, ^^'itil 

 this improviMuent in the form of tlu^, human skull, the fiint, stone, 

 ])one, and horn instruments made by the Post-t Jlacial inhabitants of 

 western Eui'ope becoiui^ moi-e highly linished than those bc^jonging to 

 the previous age. indicating the posst^ssion of increasing intellectual 

 power on the part of those who luadi^ them. 



The Engis skull, of which we have a cast, i)resented to this college 

 by Sir Charles Lyell, is a well-known exam])le of a human cranium of 

 the early Neolithic" or Post-Glacial period. Huxley, in his dcscrij)- 

 tion of this skull, observes, "It takes us at least to the further side of 



"The term Neolitliic is used to signify that period in which the stone, bone, and 

 horn iniplenientH made ])y man indicate a consideral)le advance in the arts of life 

 beyond thcjse discovered in the previous PaleoHthic ei)och. In the Neolithic period 

 the remains of the mammoth, rhinoceros, and other prevalent extinct forms of the 

 Paleiilithic series had almost, if not completely, disappeared from western iMirope. 

 Tile dei)osits in which these Neolithic remains are found consist of river gravels, 

 cave Hoors, jjeat bogs, raised beaches, etc. 



