THE CRANIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APP^S. 441 



the l)ioloo"ical limit whidi separates the present geolooical epoch from 

 that which preceded it:'* that is, from the (ihicial period." The Borris 

 skull prol)al)ly also hcUxius to this pei'iod, its charactei's beino- similar 

 to the Tilbury cranium described hy Sir Richard Owen, and of which 

 we have a cast in our nuiseum. To this list of Post-Glacial — or it may 

 be of the later (Uacial — period we may add the Ko-isheim calvaria, 

 or so much of it as has been preserved. This specimen, of which 

 we have a cast, was discovered in a hii>h river Ijed near Colmar with 

 the bones of extinct animals and Mousterian flint weapons. These 

 and various other skulls found in ^eoloo-ical formtitions of the time 

 referred to are all of tlie same type, and lead us to believe that the 

 inhabitants of pAirope in the earl}^ Neolithic j)erio(l consisted of only 

 one race — the descendants of the human beings who inhabited our 

 part of the world during the previous or Paleolithic epoch. They 

 had long (dolichoce})halic) skulls, with slightly projecting supraor])ital 

 lidges, well-formed noses, and a fairly developed frontal region as 

 compared with the far more ancient Java, Spy, and Neanderthal 

 crania. Their mandibles and the bones of their legs were less simian 

 in character than those of their remote progenitors. They wore a 

 small race of l)eings. We find no metal weapons or instruments with 

 their remains, and we therefore conclude that they were ignorant of 

 the use either of bronze or of iron, nor do they seem to have possessed 

 domestic animals or to have had any knowledge of agriculture. 



This race of primiti\e iidiabitants of western Euro])e are best 

 described as the I])erians, and we may conveniently employ this term 

 so long as it is understood to d(>signate the At'rico-P^uropean stock, 

 who were, so far as we know, the sole human inhabitants of western 

 Europe after the termination of the (xlacial epoch. 



As we pass from the early to the mid-Neolithic epoch, we come 

 upon the remains of a race of uhmi who, as regards their physical 

 character and state of civilization, essentially difl'er from the people 

 above referred to. The stone implements found with their skeletons 

 aie beautifully formed, many of them ))eing highly polislKnl and hav- 

 ing shar}) cutting edges. A few of the ])urest bronz(> ax heads have 

 been discovered with these remains, and also the bones of domestic 

 anhnals belonging to species indigenous to Asia, but foreign to the 

 Paleolithic fauna of Europe. Lastly, we have evidence that these 

 people were acquainted with agi'iculture ;ind with the mamifacture of 

 sun-dried pottery. They paid great respect to their dead chiefs, 

 burj'ing their l)odies in natural caves, or in tombs formed of huge 

 flagstones placed edgewise side by side, with similar stones laid on 

 the upright ones to form the roof of the building. These structures, 

 the well-known long dolmens, have been found, built on .precisely the 



"Mail's Place in Nature, by Professor Huxley, p. 120. For a description of the 

 Borris skull, see S. Lai ng and Professor Huxley's Prehistoric Kemaiiis of Caithness. 



