444 THE CRANIOLOGY OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES. 



Haddon i.s disposed to thiuk that before their arrival in our ishiiids 

 these people had beconie a mixed stock through intermarriage with the 

 Iberian or Mediterranean race. (In the dolmen at Meudon we find 

 the remains of a man of the broad and a woman of the long skulled 

 race placed side b}^ side.) They were traders in bronze, and probal)ly, 

 as Prof. G. Mortillet and other authorities hold, gradually replaced 

 stone, horn, and bone with bronze instruments and weapons, eti'ecting 

 in this way a great revolution in the social and industrial habits of the 

 preexisting inhabitants of western Europe. In these far distant times 

 deep mining operations were out of the (Question. Superficial ores of 

 copper were abundant in most parts of Europe and in Asia, but alluvial 

 tin was extremely scarce, and it is still only found in large quantities 

 in southeastern Asia. Cornwall, the Sciily Isles, the south of Ireland, 

 and some few other places on our continent also contained superficial 

 ores of tin. It seems probable that the Mongolians inhabiting the high- 

 lands of southeastern Tibet, long before the commencement of the 

 bronze age in Europe, spread into Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and 

 Cochin China, and there acquired the art of mixing copper and tin in 

 such prop(jrtions as to form bronze, the weapons and instruments 

 which they manufactured of this metal being a ready and profitable 

 source of barter in Europe. These people, without doubt, made 

 bronze weapons both in the south of England and of Ireland, for clay 

 molds have been found there in which weapons of the early ]>ronze 

 period in Europe were cast. 



Togeth(n" with the broad skulls and other remains of these people 

 we find in the debris of the lake dwellings numerous ornaments of 

 jade, nephrite, and chloromelanite, minerals found in large quantities 

 in southeastern Asia, ])ut not in Europe; and lasth', vases on which 

 are depicted people in Oriental costume, and instruments used onl}' l)y 

 the soutlieastern Tibetans have been discovered in connection with the 

 remains of the lake dwellers. It is almost unnecessary to remark that, 

 althougii many millions of Hindus iia\ (> in successive periods occupied 

 the greater j)art of PxMigal, it wouhl be impossible to discover their 

 bones in the soil, for the simple reason that they ha\e either burnt the 

 bodies of their dead or else cast them into one of the sacred rivers of 

 India. And so it is with the skeletons of these southern Mongoloid 

 people of the bronze age in Europe. As a rule their Inxlies were cre- 

 mated after death, and numerous cinerary urns containing their 

 remains are found scattered over the Wiltshire and other ranges of 

 hiUs in the south of England. Some few of their skeletons, however, 

 have been found in the round barrows which are so numerous, espe- 

 cially in the south of England, of Ireland, and throughout various other 

 parts of Europe, and in Asia. With these remains and cinerary urns 

 very man}^ bronze instruments have been met with, indicating, like 

 the stone implements of .the Palaeolithic period, dift'erent stages of 



