426 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1921. 



given mentality. And, again, we will suppose an Alpine race, differ- 

 ing markedly in type from the Nordic race. What happens if we 

 cross members of the two races and proceed to a race of hybrids? A 

 Mendelian would tell us that these characters are sorted out like cards 

 from a pack in all sorts of novel combinations. A Nordic mentality 

 will be found with short stature and dark eyes. A tall but brachy- 

 cephalic individual will combine Alpine mentality with blue eyes. 

 Without accepting fully the Mendelian theory we can at least accept 

 the result of mass observations, which show that the association 

 between superficial physical measurements and mentality is of the 

 slenderest kind. If you keep within one class, my own measurements 

 show me that there is only the slightest relation between intelligence 

 and the size and shape of the head. Pigmentation in this country 

 seems to have little relation to the incidence of disease. Size and 

 shape of head in man have been taken as a rough measure of size and 

 shape of brain. They can not tell you more — perhaps not as much as 

 brain weight — and if brain weight were closely associated with in- 

 telligence, then man should be at his intellectual prime in his teens. 

 Again, too often is this idea of close association of mentality and 

 physique carried into the analysis of individuals within a human 

 group, i. e. of men belonging to one or another of the many races 

 which have gone to build up our population. We talk as if it was 

 our population which was mixed, and not our germplasm. We are 

 accustomed to speak of a typical Englishman. For example, Charles 

 Darwin ; we think of his mind as a typical English mind, working in 

 a typical English manner, yet when we come to study his pedigree 

 we seek in vain for " purity of race." He is descended in four differ- 

 ent lines from Irish kinglets ; he is descended in as many lines from 

 Scottish and Pictish Kings. He had Manx blood. He claims descent 

 in at least three lines from Alfred the Great, and so links up with 

 Anglo-Saxon blood, but he links up also in several lines with 

 Charlemagne and the Carlovingians. He sprang also from the Saxon 

 Emperors of Germany, as well as from Barbarossa and the Hohen- 

 staufens. He had Norwegian blood and much Norman blood. He 

 had descent from the Dukes of Bavaria, of Saxony, of Flanders, the 

 Princes of Savoy, and the Kings of Italy. He had the blood in his 

 veins of Franks, Alamans, Merovingians, Burgundians, and Longo- 

 bards. He sprang in direct descent from the Hun rulers of Hungary 

 and the Greek Emperors of Constantinople. If I recollect rightly, 

 Ivan the Terrible provided a Russian link. There is probably not 

 one of the races of Europe concerned in the folk wanderings which 

 has not a share in the ancestry of Charles Darwin. If it has been 

 possible in the case of one Englishman of this kind to show in a con- 

 siderable number of lines how impure is his race, can we venture to 

 assert that if the like knowledge were possible of attainment, we 



