THE SCIENCE OF MAN PEARSON. 427 



could expect greater purity of blood in any of his countrymen % What 

 we are able to show may occur by tracing an individual in historic 

 times, have we any valid reason for supposing did not occur in pre- 

 historic times, wherever physical barriers did not isolate a limited 

 section of mankind ? If there ever was an association of definite men- 

 tality with physical characters, it would break down as soon as race 

 mingled freely with race, as it has done in historic Europe. Isolation 

 or a strong feeling against free interbreeding — as in a color differen- 

 tiation — could alone maintain a close association between physical 

 and mental characters. Europe has never recovered from the general 

 hybridization of the folk wanderings, and it is only the cessation of 

 wars of conquest and occupation, the spread of the conception of 

 nationality and the reviving consciousness of race, which is provid- 

 ing the barriers which may eventually lead through isolation to a 

 new linking up of physical and mental characters. 



In a population which consists of nonintermarrying castes, as in 

 India, physique and external appearance may be a measure of the 

 type of mentality. In the highly and recently hybridized nations of 

 Europe there are really but few fragments of " pure races " left, and 

 it is hopeless to believe that anthropometric measurements of the 

 body or records of pigmentation are going to help us to a science of 

 the psychophysical characters of man which will be useful to the 

 State. The modern State needs in its citizens vigor of mind and 

 vigor of body, but these are not characters with which the an- 

 thropometry of the past has largely busied itself. In a certain sense 

 the school medical officer and the medical officer of health are doing 

 more State service of an anthropological character than the an- 

 thropologists themselves. 



These doubts have come very forcibly to my notice during the last 

 few years. What were the anthropologists as anthropologists doing 

 during the war? Many of them were busy enough and doing valu- 

 able work because they were anatomists, or because they were sur- 

 geons, or perhaps even because they were mathematicians. But as 

 anthropologists, what was their position? The whole period of the 

 war produced the most difficult problems in folk psychology. There 

 were occasions innumerable when thousands of lives and most heavy 

 expenditure of money might have been saved by a greater knowledge 

 of what creates and what damps folk movements in the various races 

 of the world. India, Egypt, Ireland, even our present relations with 

 Italy and America, show only too painfully how difficult we find it to 

 appreciate the psychology of other nations. We shall not surmount 

 these difficulties until anthropologists take a wider view of the ma- 

 terial they have to record, and of the task they have before them if 

 they wish to be utile to the State. It is not the physical measure- 

 ment of native races which is a fundamental feature of anthropome- 



