456 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1921. 



The golden and vellow among the females are seen to be more 

 than twice, the near-blonds once and a half, as frequent as in the 

 males. The males, as seen before, predominate in the submedium 

 and medium brown. In the darker shades the females have a larger 

 representation than the males, and this domination, as will be seen 

 later on, is of significance. It may also be stated in this connection 

 that the reds in the females are mostly the more or less golden reds 

 and again the darker reds. 



All the above establishes the facts that: (1) The Old Americans 

 are, so far as hair color is concerned, only exceptionally blond, but 

 commonly medium to brunet; and that the females show a greater 

 proportion of golden, near-blonds, and reds, but also of dark browns 

 and blacks, than the males. The males are more intermediate. Pos- 

 sibly there is in the females a clearer show of varied ancestral condi- 

 tions, while the males show greater blend. 



Tested by subdivisions of 100 or more, the above data hold fairly 

 good, so that they may probably be regarded as practically a true 

 expression of the conditions among the territorially mixed Old Ameri- 

 cans in the eastern half of the United States. But in localities where 

 some definite group of immigrants has settled, such for example as 

 the Scotch, Pennsylvania Dutch, etc., the conditions will differ in har- 

 mony with the original pigmentation of the group. The ancestral 

 influence appears everywhere to be very tenacious. 



The above results indicate that blondness is not characteristic of 

 the Old Americans. There is in addition but a modest proportion 

 of reds and very few true blacks. Half of the people are medium, 

 three-quarters are medium to dark- and black-haired. The affinity 

 of the Old Americans with the Nordic blonds is seen from this to be 

 rather secondary, unless substantial changes in the direction of 

 greater pigmentation have been realized in the Americans since their 

 sojourn on this continent — which, however, as will be seen later, is 

 contradicted by facts. 



The records on the two sexes show, it was seen, interesting differ- 

 ences, though the total amount of pigmentation in the two sexes is 

 about the same. The women evidently preserve better the different 

 ancestral conditions from which the mixture represented now by the 

 Old Americans arose, while the men show more fusion, more blend. 

 Similar facts, including the preponderance of the darker shades in 

 the females, have been observed elsewhere. The English observers 

 in particular have shown that the women of Great Britain tend to be 

 darker than the men. From Beddoe's data, Parsons 7 found that 

 among the English the females were, according to regions, darker 

 haired than the men by from 0.6 to 6.5 per cent. Fleure and James 8 



7 J. Antlirop. Inst., 1920, L, 166-167. See also Beddoe, J. — Anthropological History of 

 Europe, 1912 ed., 9S. 



8 J. Anthrop. Inst., 1916, XLVI, 49. 



