496 ANNUAL EEPOET SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1921. 



clans and not so regarded. A Hopi on a visit to some pueblo of an- 

 other stock, as Zurii or Jemez, witnesses a dance which pleases him 

 and he acquires the appropriate songs; forthwith on his return home 

 he teaches them to his fellows, and they introduce a dance, which is 

 afterwards known as the Zuni, Jemez, Cohonino, or other Katcinas, 

 according to its derivation. These masques no doubt had in their 

 parent pueblos much the same relation to local clans as true Hopi 

 Katcinas to Hopi clans, a connection lost in their transportation 

 to a new environment. There are other Katcinas, which are simply 

 spectacular exhibits devoid of kinship to Hopi clans, among which 

 may be mentioned a masked dance elsewhere described* in which 

 many different kinds of birds — eagle, hawk, owl, roadrunner, hum- 

 ming bird et alii (figs. 4 to 8) — are personated, as elsewhere de- 

 scribed. 



There are two distinct languages spoken on the East Mesa of the 

 Hopi; one, the Hopi tongue, the other the Tewa. The latter 

 language is quite incomprehensible to the inhabitants of Walpi, 

 although the Tewa understand the Hopi, a condition which is 

 naively explained b}~ a folk tale which recounts how when the Tewa, 

 on invitation of the Hopi, came into the country the Hopi chief 

 touched their tongues with the soil of his country, but as there was 

 no Tewa soil available with which to touch the tongues of the Hopi, 

 they cannot speak the language. The survival of the Tewa tongue 

 in a village a gunshot from Walpi where a different language is 

 spoken is one of the interesting linguistic features of the inhabitants 

 of the East Mesa, and is largely explained by the sociological fact 

 that both Tewa and Hopi have the mother or clan right, the hus- 

 band going to the wife's mother's house to live. The children learn 

 their language from their mother, and as the mother does not change 

 her domicile when she marries a Hopi man she has no opportunity 

 to learn her husband's language. The Hopi outnumber the Tewa 

 and the Hopi men who seek wives among the Tewa readily teach 

 the children Hopi, as do also the Hopi wives the few Tewa men who 

 marry among them. 



The typical clown who appears in the Katcina dances of the Tewa 

 is known by the alternate stripes of white and black painted on the 

 naked body and limbs. Each of these clowns wears on the head a 

 close-fitting cap made of leather or basketry with two vertical horns, 

 to the extremities of which are tied corn husks. These horns like 

 the legs and arms are girt with alternating rings painted black 

 and white. 



In addition to this type of clown the Hopi have another called the 

 Mud Heads who were introduced from the Little Colorado Valley, 



* For an account of this masque vide : Hopi Katcinas drawn by Native Artists, 21st 

 Ann. Kept., Bureau American Ethnology. 



