THE INDIAN IN LITERATURE TEN KATE. 519 



witches, and many other superstitions, would make the life of these 

 Indians unbearable if it were not for their innate carelessness and 

 naive confidence in " Those Above " — Shiuna. Of all this and much 

 more with regard to ancient Pueblo society Bandelier tells us through 

 the many different actors in his novel. All of them can not be men- 

 tioned here; suffice it to say that they are all drawn from nature, 

 like Topanashka, the great war chief of the Queres and the father 

 of Say, a woman suspected of witchcraft; like Shotaye, the lonely 

 buxom herborist ; Zashue, Hayone, the Don Juan of Tyuonyi ; Okova 

 and Mitsha, the young lovers, and several others. 



Among the best and most interesting parts of The Delight Makers 

 I reckon the description of the great night council of clan representa- 

 tives in the estufa, where questions about irrigation and the division 

 of lands are discussed (Ch. XI). What happens on a sunny day 

 upon the wooded mesa above Tyuonyi is also very well described 

 (Ch. XIV and XV), namely, the meeting of Shotaye with Cayamo, 

 a Tehua warrior, witnessed by Topanashka. At the same time the 

 hunting of wild turkeys by a mountain lion and the curious behavior 

 of the crows during the hide-and-seek scene of Topanashka and his 

 invisible enemies show an extraordinary gift of observation in Bande- 

 lier. The same remark applies to the description of the wounding 

 and death of Topanashka, the chapter in which the writer tells of 

 the ill-fated campaign by the Queres against the Tehua of the Puye 

 is very instructive with regard to Indian warfare and warrior 

 psychology. 



Notwithstanding the great ethnologic value of The Delight 

 Makers, I am obliged to make a few critical remarks. Since Bande- 

 lier wrote his novel, our knowledge has considerably increased, for 

 which reason he can not well be held responsible for the following 

 mistakes: First, he mentions the Navaho or Dinne (Tinne) as being 

 enemies of the Queres in those very remote days. Moreover, the 

 Navaho youth, Nacaytzushe, is one of the characters in Bandelier's 

 plot. We know now that the origin of the Dinne, according to 

 their own tradition, dates back less than five centuries, namely, prob- 

 ably about the beginning of the fifteenth century. Hodge 9 says that 

 the arrival of the forefathers of the Navaho in San Juan Valley 

 did not occur before the second half of the fifteenth century, and 

 not until the seventeenth century were they strong enough to make 

 war on other tribes. Now Bandelier is explicit in saying that the 

 Tyuonyi Valley was already deserted " centuries previous to the 

 advent of the Spaniards," and that his story " occurred much ante- 

 rior to the discovery of America " (p. 4.) 



9 F. W. Hodge, The early Navaho and Apache (American Anthropologist, vol. VIII. 

 1895, pp. 223 seq.) ; also, art. Navaho in Handbook quoted, part 2. 



