388 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912. 



I have described the present distribution of population in the Santa 

 Cruz Valley and its relation to ruins in order to bring out the fact that 

 the preliistoric inhabitants utihzed every site which their modern suc- 

 cessors can utilize. They did more than this, however, for in the now 

 almost uninhabited and waterless 50 miles below the main irrigated 

 areas of Tucson they occupied at least seven distinct villages, and 

 others will probably be chscovered. The first village, at Jaynes 

 station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 7 miles below Tucson, must 

 have been a genuine town. Broken bits of pottery, old grinding 

 stones, pestles, stone hammers, flint arrowheads, and the low mounds 

 of old houses extend for over a mile along a shght ridge of gravel 

 between two areas of low-lying fertile land easy to irrigate and cul- 

 tivate if the river contained water. Now, however, the river does 

 not flow so far except in floods. It might possibly reach this point 

 permanently if no water were taken out upstream, but this is not 

 certain, and we have already seen that in former times there were 

 numerous villages farther upstream wliich must have used up a large 

 amount of water. The abundant traces of human occupation in the 

 Jaynes village appear to inchoate that the houses were close together, 

 and were occupied hundreds of years. This one village can scarcely 

 have had less than one or two thousand inhabitants. Adjoining it 

 on the east we traced what seemed to be the hne of a canal for more 

 than a mile on the gravelly ground between the bottom lands of the 

 Santa Cruz and the Rilhto. Here we found not only numerous rem- 

 nants of houses, but several of the hollows described above wliich 

 seem to be ceremonial chambers, and which by their size and number 

 point to a somewhat large population. 



Two miles downstream from the Jaynes ruins, at the Nine-mile 

 "Water Hole, where the last permanent spring is now found in the dry 

 river bed, another village was located, not so large as its neighbor, 

 but nearly half a mile long. On the opposite or north side of the 

 Rilhto we found traces not exactly of a village, but of a series of 

 houses scattered along the edge of the arable land at intervals of a few 

 hundred feet. If all these ruined sites were occupied at one time, 

 which was probably the case, as we shall see later, the population of 

 this one smaU region from 7 to 10 miles below Tucson can scarcely 

 have been less than two or three thousand. That the inliabitants 

 cultivated the low land on all sides of them can hardly be doubted; 

 for the houses are located just on the edges of the good land, but 

 without encroacliing upon it except where the arable tracts are so 

 extensive that an elevated, gravelly site can not be found witliin a 

 reasonable distance. The villages in the situations thus far men- 

 tioned might at present succeed in getting drinking water without 

 much difficulty. They could scarcely get a hving from agriculture, 

 however — and certainly not from anv other source-^unlcss the upper 



