404 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912. 



HoAV or why they vanished is as unknown to us as is their origin, but 

 perchance we shall learn the stoi.y little by little. It will not be a 

 story of peace and monotony, for those are not the conditions which 

 prevail when a race comes into a country, nor when it is forced out. 

 We can scarcely doubt that stimng times took place— raids, plunder, 

 repeated invasions, great distress, and the final disappearance of one 

 type of civilization and its replacement by another. And this painful 

 process of a change of civilization took place not once alone, but at 

 least twice. Formerly the chff dwellers who • built the compact 

 villages like Tuyoni and Pueblo Alto were supposed to have been of 

 the same race as the modern Pueblo Indians, but now we know that 

 this is not true. Possibly, nay probably, the modern Pueblo is 

 related to the second or village-building type of ancient inhabitants, 

 whom we may call Pajaritans in distinction from the still older type 

 who may, perhaps, be classed as Hohokam, but the relationship is 

 not close. The bones of the dead, exhumed after centm'ies, tell 

 something of the tale. The modern Pueblo Indian is brachycephalic, 

 according to Dr. Hi'dlicka; his head is relatively broad, as anyone 

 can tell by looking at him. Some, however, are dolicocephalic, with 

 long heads, but these are in a minority. The present Indians are 

 clearly of a mixed race. Their predecessors, on the contrary, were 

 of a pure race, predominantly long-headed, like ourselves. Therefore 

 we infer that they were conquered by invading broadheads, and that 

 finally the invading broadheads and as many of the longheads as 

 had neither fled nor perished became amalgamated into a single race. 

 Perhaps the ancient farmers, the medieval villagers, and the modern 

 Pueblo Indians were not the only races which have passed across 

 the stage of history in the prehistoric days of America. In other 

 parts of the Southwest faint glimmerings are seen of still other cul- 

 tures, which show that change and movement have been as charac- 

 teristic of the ancient history of America as of that of Em-ope and 

 Asia. 



The dates of the three types of civilization of which we have found 

 evidence can not well be determined. Dr. Hewett believes that the 

 traditions of the Pueblos may be relied upon as showing that it is at 

 least 800 years since the villages of the Tuyoni type were occupied, 

 but he attempts to assign no exact dates. One point, however, may 

 here be emphasized. In Asia, as I have shown in ''The Pulse of 

 Asia," and more fully in "Palestine and its Transformation," we 

 have evidence wliich suggests that each of the chief dry epochs has 

 been characterized by great movements of peoples. The first such 

 movement whose date is well defined was about 1200 B. C. At that 

 time the ancestors of the Greeks came into their penmsula, the 

 Hebrews entered Palestine, the Aramaeans from Arabia spread out 

 into Babylonia and all the neighboring lands, and Egypt was over- 



