590 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



derivational or relational. Such concepts as those of sex gender, 

 number, and tense, which in Indogermanic are expressed as rela- 

 tional elements, are in other linguistic stocks hardlv to be separated, 

 as regards their grammatical treatment, from concepts treated in a 

 clearly derivational manner. On the other hand, demonstrative 

 ideas, which in most Indogermanic languages receive no relational 

 syntactic treatment, may, as in the Kwakiutl language of British 

 Columbia, serve an important relational function, analogous, say, 

 to the Indogermanic use of gender; just as in Latin, for instance, 

 such a sentence as "I saw the big house" is expressed by "I-saw 

 house-masculine-objective big-masculiner-objective," with a necessary 

 double reference to the concepts of case relation and gender, so in 

 Kwakiutl the sentence "I saw the house" would have to be expressed 

 by some such sentence as ''I-saw-the-objective-near-you house- 

 visible-near-you," with an analogous necessary double reference to 

 the demonstrative relations involved. If, now, it has been shown 

 that no necessary correlation exists between particular logical con- 

 cepts and the formal method of their grammatical rendering, and if, 

 furthermore, there can not even be shown to be a hard and fast line 

 in grammatical treatment between concepts of a derivational and 

 concepts of a more definite relational character, what becomes of the 

 logical category 'per se as a criterion of linguistic classification on the 

 basis of form ? Evidently it fails us. Of however great psychological 

 interest it might be to map out the distribution in various linguistic 

 stocks of logical concepts receiving formal treatment, it is clear that 

 no satisfactory formal classification of Imguistic types would result 

 from such a majiping. 



Having thus disposed of the subject matter of linguistic morphology 

 as a classificatory criterion, there is left to us the form pm'e and 

 simple. Here we are confronted first of all by a number of formal 

 grammatical methods or processes. These, being less numerous than 

 the logical categories which tlicy express themselves, and, further- 

 more, being on the whole more easily defined and recognized, would 

 seem to lend themselves more easily to classificatory purposes. The 

 simplest grammatical process is the juxtaposing of words in a definite 

 order, a method made use of to perhaps the greatest extent by Chinese, 

 to a very large extent also by English; the possibilities of the process 

 from the point of view of grammatical effectiveness may be illus- 

 trated by comparing such an English sentence as "The man killed 

 the bear" with "The bear killed the man," the actual words and 

 forms being identical in the two sentences, yet definite case relations 

 being clearly expressed in both. A somewliat similar process, yet 

 easily enough kept apart, is compounding; that is, the fusion of two 

 words or independent stems into a firm word unit; the process is par- 

 ticularly well developed in English, as illustrated by words like rail- 



