612 ANNUAL EEPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1912. 



repeated innumerable times by Greek and Latin authors, are high 

 stature, white skin, blue eyes, and red or blond hair (the difference' 

 between the red or blond color of the hair is of shght importance). 

 So also Csesar, comparing the stature of the Gauls with that of the 

 Romans, says that the former were larger, the latter small.' 



Subsequently, history mentions other blond or russet races such as 

 the Cimbrians, the Teutons, Germans, Goths, Franks, Burgundians, 

 Normans, but they all were of the same stock as the Celts and came 

 from the same regions. 



But it is not only the Greek and Latin authors who mention peoples 

 with red or blond hair in Europe, for Byzantine historians, and 

 writers at the beginning of the Middle Ages, and even Arabian authors 

 Likewise speak of them. The latter especially, as also Byzantine 

 writers, have described the external characteristics of the primitive 

 Russians, whose name means red, as we have shown in a communica- 

 tion to the Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archeology at 

 Monaco in 1906. 



THE PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THE BLOND EUROPEANS. 



"Where was the exact primitive domain of the Celts? According 

 to a tradition current among the Gauls, and of which the Druids 

 speak, part of that people came from distant lands and islands whence 

 they had been driven by wars and an inundation of the ocean. 



The first habitation of the Celts, and consequently of all the blonds, 

 may be placed in north and central Germany, in Holland, in upper 

 and lower Austria, in Bohemia, m Scandinavia, in the Danish islands 

 and peninsulas, and in central Russia, as will be shown by an exami- 

 nation of prehistoric skulls. 



Wliat was the climate of all these centers? This is an important 

 question from the viewpoint of influence of environment. We linow 

 from Aristotle that the countries of the Celts and Scythians were cold, 

 but Tacitus (first to second century A. D.) gives still further details 

 of the Celtic land in his description of the sea, the land, and the 

 climate of the country of the Germans, who inhabited the same 

 localities as their ancestors, the Celt. He says : 



On the other side is the endless ocean which, as it were, forbids all navigation. 

 Even now it is rarely visited by vessels from our parts. WTiat mortal, even if he 

 braved the perils of a wild, unkno^vn sea, would leave Asia, or Africa, or Italy to go 

 to Germany which offers only a dreary country, a rigorous climate, where every aspect 

 of living is savage, unless it be one's fatherland. * * * The country, though fre- 

 quently varying in aspect, is in general covered with gloomy forests or swamps. 

 Winter is long with them [the Germans]. 



Tacitus further says : 



I believe that the Germans are indigenous and have not mingled with new arrivals 

 or immigrants from other peoples. * * * j join in the opinion of those who think 



* Julius Caesar. Gallic War. 



