UKBANISM CLERGET. 663 



eral proportionate to the mass. This explains why some cities ^ 

 number millions. 



Immigration to cities is seasonal, as in the case of house builders, 

 though more often it is permanent, wdth the intention of staying for 

 a considerable period, but retaining the hope of return to the modest 

 provincial country. As a general rule, the attraction toward the 

 city is inversely proportional to the distance and to the comparative 

 ease of the home life of the emigrants. According to M. Paul 

 Meuriot, the attractive force of Paris is exerted chiefly over a radius 

 of about 250 kilometers. In London the proportion of inhabitants 

 furnished by each region or county is also naturally inverse to their 

 distance from the metropolis. The immigration to Berlin is mostly 

 Prussian. In France the provincial centers become more and more 

 important and divert to their profit a part of the emigration in their 

 region, but the superior forces of administrative centralization 

 favor and develop the exodus toward the capital.^ 



Emigrants tend to group themselves. These groups are chiefly 

 by professions in the Provinces; but they are by nationalities in 

 the great cosmopolitan cities, such as New York, where there is a 

 Jewish quarter, an Italian quarter, a Chinese quarter. Societies for 

 recreation or for benevolent purposes are organized among emigrants 

 of the same section or the same nationality. 



M. P. Meuriot has stated that formerly the name "city" was based 

 less on the number of inhabitants than on the leading features and 

 the special advantages of the communities. In France, in England, 

 and in Germany the title "city" is chiefly reserved for those groups 

 which have had a particular poUtical position. On the other hand, 

 every community called rural is not necessarily agricultural, but is 

 supported sometimes by manufactures. Inversely, the great markets 

 are only agricultural communities. Ilural grouping is characterized 

 chiefly by a uniformity in methods of living, wliile the rule of city 

 grouping is the diversity of life. 



(e) Exterior Character op Cities. 



The growtli of cities has first of all caused the disappearance of 

 the walls wliich formerly surrounded nearly all of them. Their 

 rural aspect has disappeared, not^dthstanding the frequent ])res- 

 ence of vacant land witliin their limits. The presence of factories 



• Proportion of native population of cities: London (1891), 68 per cent; Vienna (1890)^,44.7 per cent; Berlin 

 (1890), 41 per cent; St. Petersburg (1890), .31.7 per cent; I'aris (1891), 3.5.4 per cent. Compare A. F. Weber. 

 The growth of the cities in the nineteenth century. A study in statistics. London, Kuip, 1899. 



» In 1901, in a population of 2,714,004, I'aris had 1,;{94,000 provincials, and in its 20 districts or wards only 

 one, the twentieth, sliowed a majority of Parisians. Tlie native departments of the emigrants were, in 

 order of importance: Seine-et-Oise, 99,044; Seine-et-Marno, 57,915; Nord, 51,750; Nievre, 51,0<")5; Jonne, 

 Loirrt, Seine-Inf^rieure, Aisne, Cher, Creuse, Sadne-et-Loire, Cantal, Aveyron, C6tes-du-Nord, Ille-et- 

 Villaine, etc. 



