420 ANNUAL REPOBT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 192 8 



tion of the upright walkhig attitude led the way. . . . (Zeitschr. fiir Eth- 

 nologie, 1905, p. 748. ) That was the idea about 15 years ago. 



Now : Eoanthropus dmvsoni, likewise an assembled river-bed find, includes — 

 A human brain case ; 

 Some " human " teeth ; 

 An apelike lower jaw. 



Thus an antithesis to Pithecanthropus . And at present Eoanthropus is taken 

 as the support for another idea about the course of human evolution. The 

 deduction at present is as follows : " So far from being an impossible combina- 

 tion of characters, this association of brain and simian features is precisely 

 what I anticipated in my address . . . some months before I knew of the 

 existence of the Piltdown skull, when I argued that in the evolution of man 

 the development of the brain must have led the vxiy. The growth in intel- 

 ligence and in the powers of discrimination no doubt led to a definite cultiva- 

 tion of the aesthetic sense which, oi»rating through sexual selection, brought 

 about a gradual refinement of features." (Nature, vol. 92, October 2, 1913, 

 p. 131.) 



Therefore, according to Pithecanthropus, the upright gait is the primary 

 element in the process by which man has come to be man. 



According to Eoanthrop'us the development of the brain is the primary 

 element. 



Who is right? Who stands on firm ground? Where are the definite proofs? 



As to our conduct toward the public I wish in closing to call attention to 

 the memorable words of Professor Boule (L'Anthropologie, 1915, p. 184). Con- 

 cerning certain reconstructions of fossil men he says : " Our duty is to protest. 

 For such attempts, however agreeable they may appear in certain* resi>ects, 

 arei of a nature to throw discredit on a science which isi still having so much 

 difficulty in getting oflicial recognition and which does not deserve to be thus 

 travestied." 



Coming back to the subject two years later in a special article on the 

 Trinil " jfind " (Der Java-Trinil-Funcl, Upsala Lakareforenings For- 

 handlingar, n. s., vol. 26, Festskr. Prof. J. Aug. Hanunar, art. 29, pp. 

 1-37, 1921), Professor Ramstrom continued: 



The fossils were much scattered about, and it was not at all because of 

 their proximity of deiwsition that Dubois put together as parts of one individ- 

 ual the apelike skullcap and the manlike thigh bone. The latter was widely 

 separated from the former, lying 15 meters (50 feet) farther upstream and 

 nearer to the present river bed. As we can see from his original report, he was 

 led into this course because E. Haeckel, in the anthropogenetic system pub- 

 lished in his Natiirliche Schopfungsgeschichte, had set up a hypothetical crea- 

 ture " which walked erect and had a higher intellectual develoiiment than the 

 anthropoids, but was still unable to speak," and had given it the name " Pithe- 

 canthropus." And when Dubois discovered the skullcap and the femur he 

 thought he had found the " manlike mammal which clearly forms such a link 

 between man and his nearest known mammalian relatives as the theory of 

 development supposes." And further he says " Pithecanthropus erectus is the 

 transition form which in accordance with the teachings of evolution must have 

 existed between men and the anthropoids. He is the ancestor of man." 



It follows that the HaeckelioAi theory of human evolution became the motive 

 which caused Dubois to put the Trinil fossils together as (Wt individual of the 

 transition type. 



