"MISSING LINKS" MILLER 455 



ScHWALBE, G. Studien iiber das Femur von Pithecanthropus erectus Dubois, 

 Zeitsclii . Morph. und Anthrop., vol. 21, pp. 289-360, 1921. 



Femur has slight peculiarities but is human. It is more probable 

 that all specimens came from one individual than that the femur is human 

 and the skull simian. 



Selenka, M., und Dubois, E. Die fossilen Zahne von Trinil. Tijdschr. K. 



Ned. Aardr. Gen. ser. 2, vol. 26, pp. 39S-401, 1909. 

 Selenka, L., und Blanckenhokn, M. Die PithecanthropusSchichten auf Java. 



Geologische und palaeontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil-Expedition, Leipzig, 



1911, 310 pp., 32 pis. 

 SoLXAS, D. J. " Pithecanthropus erectus " and the Evolution of the human 



Race, Nature, vol. 53, pp. 150-151, Dec. 19, 1895. 



If the Neanderthal skull be lifted a little upward in the scale of time, 

 a curve can be made to pass through it, the European and Javan skulls, 

 and this when prolonged downward will approximate to the stem either 

 of Pliopithecus . . . or . . . Dryopithecus. 



Symington, J. Endocranial Casts and Brain Form : A Criticism of Some 

 Recent Speculations. Journ. Anat. and Physiol, vol. 50, pp. 111-130, Janu- 

 ary, 1916. 



The author concludes " that the simplicity or complexity of the cerebral 

 fissures and convolutions can not be determined with any degree of ac- 

 curacy from endocranial casts, even on complete skulls much less on 

 reconstructions from imperfect skulls." Therefore the " deductions with 

 reference to the primitive and simian features of the brains of certain 

 prehistoric men [made] from an examination of their endocranial casts 

 are highly speculative and fallacious." 



TiLNEnr, Frederick. The Brain from Ape to Man. New York, Paul B. Hoever, 

 vols. 2, pp. XXVII+1120, figs. 539, 1928. 



Of Pithecanthropus the author writes, p. 875 (italics in the original) : 

 He had, learned to speak— to communicate in verbal language. 



TopiNARD, P. [Review of] Prof. Sir William Turner. Sur la description de 

 M. Dubois des restes recemment trouves a Java et attribues par lui h un 

 Pithecanthropus erectus. L'Anthropologie, vol. 6, pp. 605-607, October, 1895. 



The skullcap is that of a Neanderthal man; the femur is perhaps 

 feminine, the molar tooth is probably from an extinct si^ecies of orang 

 (p. 607). 



Turner, Sib W. On M. Dubois' Description of Remains Recently Found in Java 

 and named by him Pithecanthropus erectus. With Remarks on the So-called 

 Transitional Forms Between Apes and Man. Journ. Anat. Physiol, norm, 

 path., ser. 2, vol. 9, pp. 424-445. 



Femur unqualifiedly human. Probably did not belong with the skullcap. 



Vallois, H. V. Sur quelques caractSres du femur du Pithecanthrope. C.-R. 

 Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. 168, pp. 739-741, 1919. 



In the relative dimensions of its lower epiphysis and the obliquity of its 

 diaphysis the femur has all the characters of recent man ; it differs from 

 the femurs of the anthropoids and especially from that of the gibbon. 



Vebneau, R. Encore le Pithecanthropus erectus. L'Anthropologie, vol. 6, pp. 

 725-726, December, 1895. 



We have the right to conclude that the animal was an intermediate 

 between man and the living great apes. The teeth are not human ; the 

 skullcap is not truly human ; the femur appears to be really human but did 

 not come from same individual as the other parts. 



