594 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 192 8 



The generalized present doctrine about Neanderthal man may best 

 be seen from the following brief quotations, taken from four of the 

 most recent and representative authors, one a paleontologist, one an 

 anatomist, and two prehistorians : 



Marcellin Boule (Fossil Men, 1923, pp. 242-243) : 



Homo neanderthalensis is an archaic species of man. It was abruptly fol- 

 lowed by the Aurignacians, "who differed from the Mousterians as much in 

 their superior cultures as in the superiority or diversity of their physical 

 characters." 



M. C. Burkitt (Prehistory, 1921, p. 90) : 



The race who made this culture (Mousterian) was of a low type known as 

 the Neanderthal race. This appears to have been a throwback in the line of 

 evolution of mankind, and this retrograde sport seems to have had no 

 successor. 



George Grant MacCurdy (Human Origins, 1924, Vol. I, pp. 

 209-210) : 



During ages long subsequent to the time when the races of Piltdowu and 

 Heidelberg lived, there spread over the greater part of Europe the primitive 

 Neanderthal race, of course mental and physical fiber. . . . This race contrib- 

 uted nothing, in fact, save utilitarian artifacts, the so-called Mousterian indus- 

 try. . . . The Aurignacians were a " new race," which supplanted completely 

 the archaic Neanderthal race of Mousterian times. 



Sir Arthur Keith (The Antiquity of Man, Vol. I, pp. 198-199) : 



The most marvelous aspect of the problem raised by the recognition of 

 Neanderthal man as a distinct type is his apparently sudden disappearance. 

 He is replaced, with the dawn of the Aurignacian period, by men of the same 

 type as now occupy Europe. ... A more virile form extinguished him. . . . 

 He was not an ancestor of ours, but a distant cousin. 



All these opinions can probably be traced to the authoritative no- 

 tions arrived at during the earlier years of this century, on material 

 less ample than at present, by one of the foremost students of Nean- 

 derthal man, Gustav Schwalbe. 



There were, and are, however, also other views. From Huxley 

 and Busk to Karl Pearson ; from Fraipont and Lohest, Houze, Koll- 

 man, and Sergi to Stolyhwo, Gorjanovic-Kramberger, and, most 

 recently, Weidenreich, there have been expressed opinions that Nean- 

 derthal man was not a different species, and that he did not completely 

 die out, but became gradually transformed into later human forms, 

 from which in turn developed man of to-day. 



The problem of Neanderthal man, as it now exists, presents the 

 following uncertainties: It is not yet properly known just where, 

 when, and how he began, and how far eventually he extended geo- 

 graphically ; it is not yet definitely known just who he was and what 

 were his phylogenetic relations to the man that succeeded him; and 

 it is not known plainly just why and how he ended, and whether or 



