598 ANNUAL EEPOET SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 19 2 8 



The Mousterian culture neither comes in, however, nor ends with 

 any of these large mammals. The mammoth, derived probably from 

 the Trogontherium, is present since at least the Acheulean and lasts 

 to, if not beyond, the end of the Magdalenian. The cave lion, bear, 

 and hyena, as well as the horse, ox, bison, and even the reindeer, are 

 all there since or before the beginning of the Acheulean, and they 

 last throughout the Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magda- 

 lenian periods, to disappear gradually during the latter, or persist 

 to historic times. 



Mousterian man begins, evidently, during the latter part of the last 

 great interglacial and extends deep into the final glacial time, without 

 perceptible direct relation to the fauna. His remains at Montieres, 

 Villefranche, Ehringsdorf, the rock-shelter OHia, some of the Men- 

 tone caves, and elsewhere, show still the remains of the Elephas 

 anfiqiius, the Merck's rhinoceros, the large lion, and the panther. On 

 the other hand, various Arctic species {Ovibos Tnosch., Gulo hor.^ 

 Canis lagop., Lepus arct.^ etc.) come in as the cold advances during 

 the Mousterian period, without, however, marking either its begin- 

 ning or its end. 



There is, therefore, no definite line of fauna! demarcation for the 

 beginning and none for the end of the Mousterian period. Neander- 

 thal man did not come in with any fauna, nor did he go out with 

 any — which also are facts of importance. 



GEOLOGY 



Geological information about the Mousterian period is not as pre- 

 cise or full as is desirable, but it permits of several valuable con- 

 clusions. 



A survey of the better-known Mousterian sites, from Germany and 

 Belgium southward, shows that fully one-third of them were in the 

 open, Avhile of the remainder quite a few (Krapina, Sergeac, La 

 Ferrassie, etc.) are found in and about shallow rock-shelters that 

 could not have afforded much protection. In Switzerland, more- 

 over, the earlier Mousterian man lived in caverns at a high elevation 

 (Wildkirchli, 4,905 feet; Drachenberg, 8,028 feet). All of this indi- 

 cates that the climate during a considerable part of the Mousterian 

 period was not severe enough generally to drive man into the caves, 

 or even down from the mountains, thus pointing to interglacial 

 rather than glacial conditions. 



There is no evidence of any critical geological manifestations, 

 either about the beginning or about the end of the Mousterian period. 



The cultural remains of the Mousterian in the open stations, as 

 well a,s those in caves, denote both considerable age and long dura- 

 tion of the period. In the open the remains lie mostly in old gravels 



