JSTEAISTDERTHAL PHASE OF MAN" — HRDLI^KA 



601 



or sand, rarely in clay or loess, or in travertine rock of lacustrine 

 origin. There may be two or three cultural strata or horizons (as 

 at Ste. Walburge, High Lodge, Ipswich, Amiens, etc.), indicating 

 a repeated occupation of the same site after shorter or longer inter- 

 vals, though there have not been found as many occupational layers 

 as in some of the caves. 



ARCHEOLOGY 



Neither paleontology nor geology explains Neanderthal man ; per- 

 haps we may learn more from archeology. 



The main archeological questions are : How does Mousterian man 

 differ in habits and arts from the man that preceded him, and from 

 him that followed? And are the differences, or are they not, sub- 

 stantial enough to brand him as something apart from either his 

 predecessors or his followers? 



OCCUPATIONS 



The chief activities of man in nature relate to his housing, to the 

 obtaining and preparing of food, and to the manufacture of tools, 

 utensils, and weapons. Let us see briefly how Neanderthal man com- 

 pared in these respects with his forbears and his followers. 



Housing. — There is a prevalent idea that Neanderthal man was 

 essentially a cave dweller, and this idea seems generally to carry 

 with it a sense of inferiority. The records now available throw a 

 different light on this matter. Analysis of 360 better-known paleo- 

 lithic sites in Europe and the neighboring regions (from records 

 compiled principally by MacCurdy) gives the following interesting 

 information: 



Tlie figures and chart (fig. 5) show some curious and important 

 facts. Man begins as a dweller in the open, but since the warm Chel- 

 lean already he commences also to utilize the rock shelters and 

 caverns, and then as the climate cools he gradually takes more and 

 more to the caves. In these phenomena the Mousterian period shows 

 nothing striking, nothing individual. It falls harmoniously into 

 the curve of the progress of cave dwelling, to be followed equally 

 harmoniously by the Aurignacian and the succeeding periods. Mous- 



