NEANDERTHAL PHASE OF MAN — HRDLiCkA 603 



Evidently, in food and food habits, as in housing, Mousterian man 

 was quite like both the Acheulean man that preceded him, and the 

 Homo safiens that followed. 



Clothing. — About the clothing of Neanderthal man we know noth- 

 ing direct, as is also the case with Acheulean and Aurignacian man. 

 But the cool climate, on the one hand, and the much increased num- 

 bers of tools with a cutting edge, and especially scrapers, on the other 

 hand, indicate extensive preparation of the skins of animals, to be 

 used, doubtless, for clothing and bedding. No sudden change in these 

 connections is observable from the Acheulean to the Aurignacian. 



Tools. — The Mousterian period is characterized by a definite phase 

 of stone industry, but so are all the periods before and after it. It 

 has no abrupt beginning. It uses flint where this can be had, as do 

 all the other industries; where flint is absent or scarce, it employs 

 quartzite and other stones. The use of bone begins in the Mousterian, 

 to increase henceforward. The period shows three stages of evolu- 

 tion, the lower, middle, and upper, as do also later the Aurignacian 

 and the Magdalenian periods. The implements range from crude to 

 beautifully made (as at La Ferrassie, La Quina, Le Moustier) ; the 

 technique is partly different from, but in general not inferior to, 

 either the late Acheulean or the earlier Aurignacian; and there are 

 indications that there was no general sudden ending. 



On the whole the Mousterian industry, though characteristic, does 

 not provide evidence of something entirely new and strange, inter- 

 calated between the Acheulean and the Aurignacian, beginning ab- 

 ruptly by displacing the former or ending suddenly through dis- 

 placement by the latter. There is much in fact at either end that 

 may prove to be, more or less, of a transitional nature. 



Thus, in H. F. Osborn's opinion (Obermaier, 1924, p. x), the 

 Mousterian " constitutes a further evolution of the two earlier cul- 

 tures " — the Chellean and the Acheulean. At Ehringsdorf , in the 

 lower travertine, "the technique of the chipping is Acheulean, but 

 the forms are largely Mousterian " (MacCurdy, Human Origins, 

 1924, Vol. II, p. 392) . According to Burkitt (Prehistory, 1921, p. 27) , 

 ". . . workers in Dordogne find a great difficulty in distinguishing 

 between Upper Acheulean beds and Lower Mousterian beds. In 

 fact, M. Peyrony often only solves the problem by the absence or 

 presence of reindeer." And quotations of similar import could be 

 multiplied. As to the upper limits — at the Cotte de Ste. Brelade, 

 Jersey, excavated by Nicolle, Sinel, and Marett, the upper (fifth) 

 layer gave graceful implements " that may be either Upper Mousterian 

 or Aurignacian " (Burkitt). At Le Moustier, the type station of the 

 Mousterian industry, the upper rock shelter showed eight layers, 

 " the top one being Aurignacian, the second transitional (Audi), and 

 the rest Mousterian, except the seventh which was sterile." The lower 



