NEANDERTHAL PHASE OF MAN HRDLi5kA 613 



body, arched radii and femora, femora and tibiae with heavy articu- 

 lar extremities, the tibia relatively short and with head more than 

 now inclined backward, a peculiar short astragalus, and various 

 other primitive features. 



To this generalized type some of the specimens conform, it is soon 

 seen, much more than others. It is realized that the general concep- 

 tion of the type has been built up essentially on the Neanderthal, 

 Spy No. 1, the La Chapelle, and the La Quina skulls and skeletons, 

 but that from this generalization there are many aberrations. 



An arj-angement of the .specimens in morphological order, begin- 

 ning with those that show the most primitive or old features and 

 advancing gradually toward more modern standards, is now in order, 

 and the results are very striking. 



The first strong impression is that, with all the seeming riches, 

 there is still not enough material for .satisfactory grading. The next 

 appreciation is that it is hard to grade whole .lots, but that it is 

 necessary to grade the skulls, jaws, teeth, and bones separately. In 

 one and the same skeleton are found parts and features that are very 

 primitive and far away from man's later types, with parts and fea- 

 tures that are almost like the modern; and every skeleton is found 

 to differ in these respects. Here is facing us, evidently, a very note- 

 worthy example of morphological instability, an instability, plainly, 

 of evolutionary nature, leading from old forms to more modern. 



The Neanderthal skull and skeleton proper, in all the parts that 

 have been saved, is found to stand at the base of the series. It lacks, 

 regrettably, the lower jaw and the teeth, as well as the sternum, most 

 of the scapulae, and the ribs, vertebr93, sacrum, the leg, the hand, 

 and the foot bones. Of what is present, the farthest from modern 

 type is the skull, the next being the thigh and the leg bones; the 

 nearest to modern forms, though still somewhat distinct, are the 

 bones of the upper extremity. 



The closest in general to the Neanderthal skeleton is Spy No. 1, 

 La Chapelle, and apparently the Le Moustier youth. But Spy No. 

 1 ha.s almost primitive-modern jaws with practically recent teeth; 

 the La Chapelle shows high cranial capacity, an " ultra-human " 

 nose, and a strongly developed nasal spine; the Le Moustier skull 

 has a higher vault and forehead, with less protrusion of the occiput ; 

 while the bones of the upper extremity in all three approach closely 

 the modern types. Thus, even in these most nearly related four 

 specimen,s, there is in evidence a considerable variability, with more 

 or less advance in various parts in the direction of later man. 



These facts deserve, undoubtedly, earnest consideration. But there 

 is much more to be learned. Taking the remainder of the skulls, 

 jaws, and bones attributed to the Neanderthal phase, it is seen that 



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