614 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 192 8 



both the variability and the number of characters that tend in the 

 direction of later man increase considerably. The Krapina series, 

 by itself, is probably more variable from the evolutionary point of 

 view than would be any similar series from one locality at the pres- 

 ent. This is true in respect to the cranial form, the development of 

 the forehead, the jaws, the teeth, and many of the bones of the 

 skeleton. The additional Neanderthal remains manifest signs of 

 similar instability of type and of tendencies of an evolutionary na- 

 ture, thi,s being particularly true of Spy No. 2, and of the recently 

 discovered Galilee and Ehringsdorf crania. 



In his excellent description of the Galilee specimen, Sir Arthur 

 Keith has shown that it has a fair forehead, with " no suggestion in 

 the vaulting of its frontal bone that the roof of the skull was low 

 and flat, as is usual in Neanderthal skulls." And in his preliminary 

 report on the Ehringsdorf (1925) cranium, F. Weidenreich shows 

 us a specimen with even better developed frontal region, and a 

 vault of good height. 



But the most instructive, though most neglected, specimens are 

 the crania of Spy, Belgium. Here the student is confronted with a 

 find in the same terrace and deposits, at the same level, and but 6 

 feet apart, of two adult maje skeletons from the later Mousterian 

 time. One of these skeletons. No. 1, has a skull the vault of which 

 is a replica of that of the Neanderthal cranium, with typically 

 Neanderthal bones of the skeleton. But this same skull is associated 

 with upper and lower jaw and teeth that may be duplicated to-day 

 among the lower races. And the ,skull of the second skeleton is so 

 superior in size, shape, height of the vault, and height of the fore- 

 head, to No. 1, that the morphological distance between the two is 

 greater than that between No. 2 and some of the Aurignacian crania, 

 such as the Most (Briix) or Brno No. 1 (Briinn) specimens. 



About the most distinguishing and important marks of difference 

 of the typical Neanderthaler from later man, are, we may repeat, 

 the flatness of his head, with low receding forehead and a peculiar 

 protruding occiput; heavy, .supraorbital torus; heavy, chinless jaw; 

 and, as determined from intracranial casts, a low type of brain. It 

 will be well to see how these characters stand the light of our pres- 

 ent knowledge. 



Lowness of the vault, low and receding forehead, and projecting 

 occiput, all show in the series of the Neanderthal skulls known to-day 

 a large range of gradation, the lower limits of which are well below, 

 but the upper grades of which are well within, the range of varia- 

 tion of the same characters in later, and even present, man. There 

 exists to-day a whole great stream of humanity, extending from Mon- 

 golia deep into America, which is characterized by low vault of the 

 skull. (See Catal. Crania, U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 1 and 2: also Bull. 



