NEANDERTHAL PHASE OF MAN HRDLi5kA 615 



33, Bur. Amer. Ethn.) Low foreheads are frequent in prehistoric 

 America (see Bull. 33, Bur. Amer. Ethn., and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 

 1908, vol. XXXV, pp. 171-5). The pronounced Neanderthal occiput, 

 such as shown by the La Chapelle, La Quina, and La Ferra^sie skulls, 

 it would be difficult to fully match in later man, but on the one hand 

 the character is not equally marked in all the Neanderthalers, while on 

 the other hand there are decided approximations to it among recent 

 skulls. 



A heavy supraorbital torus, such as is common to the Neanderthal 

 skulls, is not found in later man ; but not all the Neanderthalers had 

 the torus equally developed (e. g. Gibraltar), and, as hag been pointed 

 out by Huxley, Sergi, Stolyhwo, and others, there are later male 

 skulls in which there is a marked approach to the torus. A whole 

 series of specimens may be mentioned (Podkoumok, Brlix, Brno 

 No. 1, Pfedmost, Obercassel, Alcolea, Djebel-Fartas, two neolithic 

 skulls at Warsaw, the neolithic miner from Strepy at Brussels, etc.) 

 in which the feature is of a distinctly transitional character. More- 

 over, it is well known that, first, the torus is essentially a sexual 

 (male) and adult feature; second, that a reduction of such charac- 

 ters is easier than that of tho,se which are more deeply rooted; and 

 third, that in the civilized man of to-day a continuance of such reduc- 

 tion is still perceptible. There is less difference in this respect be- 

 tween the Neanderthal and the skulls just mentioned than there is 

 between these and the mean development of the ridges in the highly 

 cultured man — or, for that matter, the ordinary African negro — of 

 the present. 



Heavy, large, and receding lower jaws, such as the La Chapelle, La 

 Quina H-5, and some of the Krapina specimen,s, are among the most 

 striking characters of Neanderthal man. Jaws such as these are not 

 known in later skulls. But with them we have within the Neander- 

 thal group itself specimens very much more advanced morphologically 

 toward the present human type, such as Spy No. 1, La Quina (1912), 

 and the La Ferrassie. Even at Krapina itself some of the jaws are of 

 a less primitive type than others. Let us add to this the various huge, 

 nearly chinless, and even receding jaws that occur now and then in 

 the Australian, Melanesian, Mongolian, American Eskimo, and In- 

 dian, and the picture loses much of its discontinuity. Much the 

 same may be said also of the teeth. Teeth of primitive form — in- 

 cisors, canines {dents de chien), molars — occur to this day (see 

 Amer. Jowm. Phys. Antkrop.., 1922-1924), while practically modern 

 teeth may already be observed in Spy No. 1, and more or less also in 

 other jaws of the Neanderthal group. 



As to the bones of the skeleton, the conditions are quite as sig- 

 nificant as those of the jaws and teeth. There are scales of gradation 

 from forms that stand considerably apart from those of later man 



