INDIAlSr COSTUMES KRIEGEIl 635 



skin clothing and moccasins, decorated with quillwork and beads 

 (pi. 4), but in winter they move about in snowshoes. 



The northern tribes of the United States from Maine to Washing- 

 ton and the Indian tribes of Canada except along the Pacific North- 

 west coast used the snowshoe in some form. In the extreme West a 

 hoop is bent into round or oval form and the least possible amount of 

 lacing in coarse rawhide forms the footing. But around the Great 

 Lakes and eastward the Canadian forms are continued southward. 

 In all of these the lacing of the toe, the heel, and the footing is in 

 hexagonal weaving and usually in rawhide thongs cut very fine with 

 steel knives. Formerly, before the fur trade was stimulated by the 

 French and the Hudson's Bay Co., the lacing of the snowshoe was 

 much coarser throughout this area. Along the northern border of 

 the Eastern States the frame is square in section, flat, square or 

 rounded in front, and tapering at the heel. In a few examples there 

 is a slight turning up of the toe, after the Canadian fashion. Finally, 

 the snowshoe has become modified for sport and hunting, in one va- 

 riety resembling the Labrador wide frame and in all other varieties 

 following the Indian patterns. (PI. 3.) 



The northern Athapascan tribes occupy the greater portion of 

 western Canada and the interior of Alaska. The Athapascan lin- 

 guistic stock, to which the Tinne Indians belong, occupies the most 

 extensive area of any single linguistic family or cultural group in 

 North America. The dress of these Indians is an adaptation to the 

 environment in which they live and consists of tanned and tailored 

 skin garments. The men wear a shirt coat, a breechcloth, hat or hood, 

 and legging mocca,sins, while the women wear a long shirt coat, 

 belt, and legging moccasins. (See pi. 3.) The caribou supplies these 

 Indians with skins for clothing and tents, although many other 

 available fur-bearing animals are utilized. Among this group, as 

 among all northern tribes, the snowshoe is in general use. 



A typical group of the northern Athapascan Indians are the 

 Loucheux of Canada, who live east of the jMackenzie Kiver. For many 

 years they have been in contact with the Hudson Bay Co., who have 

 used the men as hunters for catching fur-bearing animals. In sum- 

 mer they dress in reindeer skins and ornament themselves with bird 

 quills, dentalium shells from the Pacific coast, and trade beads and 

 worsted from Europe. Most of the costumes exhibited were collected 

 by B. K. Ross and R. McFarlane. (PL 4.) 



Dress of the Eskimo. — The necessity for protection against the 

 cold of the Arctic is evidenced in the wearing of mittens and gloves 

 by Eskimo and other northern peoples of native America. Although 

 the dress of several northern Athapascan and Algonquian tribes 

 approximates that of the Eskimo, the latter alone succeed in occupy- 

 ing the Arctic fringe or coastal strip of North America. Their 



