ZOOLOGY. • 589 



vibraculum.^^ Transitions between these two types have even been 

 found iu one species of Polyzoan, the ubiquitous Microporella ciliaia. 

 In specimens from the Queen Charlotte Islands the following modifi- 

 cations were found: (1) "ordinary avicularium with pointed beak"; 

 (2) " avicularium with the mandible elongated into a spine " ; (3) " avicu- 

 larium with the spinous mandible supporting a membranous flapper"; 

 and (4) "vibraculoid structure with tall, well-developed seta and 

 partially-modified beak." 



BRACHIOPODS. 

 General. 



Bemmelen (J. F. van). Over den Bouw der Schelpen van Bracliiopoden en Chitonen. 



Med 1 pi. Acad. Proefsclir. Leiden, Brill, 1882. (8vo. 103 pp.) 

 . Untersuchungen iiber den anatomisclien und bistologischen Bau der Bra- 



cbiopoda testicardiuia. Mit 5 Taf. Jena. Zeitsclir. f. Naturwiss., 17. Bd., pp. 



88-161. 



Relations of the BracMopods. 



For the benefit of such as may desire to become acquainted with the 

 literature of Brachiopodology, it is fit to state here that Van Bemmelen's 

 article on the anatomical and histological structure of the Brachiopods 

 is directed in part to the attempt to prove an intimate relationship 

 between that class and the worms. It is claimed that instead of being 

 allied to the Mollusca, the Brachiopods "appear to present the closest 

 resemblance to the Chaetognatha. Not only do the ectoderm, enteric 

 canal, and the body-cavity present just the same developmental history, 

 but in both we observe a feeble development of connective tissue 5 the 

 only differentiation in this layer is the formation of supporting fibres." 

 It is concluded that "the important differences are the possession by 

 the Brachiopod of a shell and of a stalk; but the former has been shown 

 to be merely a thickening of the cuticle, and the secondary value of the 

 latter is shown by the differences between the Testi- and Ecardines." 

 (J. R. M. S., (2,) V. 3, p. 338-360.) 



Dr. Van Bemmelen's facts, so far as given by the abstract, appear 

 on the whole to be well enough, but his use and collocation of them 

 scarcely seem justifiable on principles of sound logic and the facts con- 

 travening his postulate have scarcely been sufficiently considered. 



IX. MOLLUSKS. 



General tvorls. 



Fischer (Paul). Manuel de Conchyliologie ou histoire uaturelle des Mollusques vi- 

 vants et fossiles. Fasc, iv (C^phalopodes). pp. 305-416, fig. 105-201. Paris, F. 

 Savy, 1882. 8vo. 



Kobelt (Wilbelm). Kataloge lebender Mollusken {Fuaus Lam., Pisania Biv., Pollia 

 Gray, Metula H. et A. Ad., Bucdnopais Jef6-., Neohuccinum E. A. Sm., Chla/ndota 

 Marts., Clavella Sws., DesmouJea Gray). Jabrb. deutscb. Malakozool. Ges., 9. 

 Jahrg.j pp. 8-29. 



