ANTHROPOLOGY. 635 



be accounted for by the immediate descent of the living form from a 

 common ancestor in the last preceding geological age. Therefore, there 

 must have been a man-like animal, or a series of manlike animals, in 

 later, if not in earlier. Tertiary times. (Grant Allen, in Fortnightly Bev.y 

 Sept., p. 308.) 



Another road of approach to the origin and genetic relations of man 

 is through anomalies, criminals, and the defective class. If a certain 

 anomaly occurs in savages, criminals, and delinquents, quite frequently, 

 which is rare in higher races and normal in higher mammals, this is- 

 looked upon as the gradual elimination of a useless or pernicious struc- 

 ture. If, on the other hand, the process is reversed, and the anomalies 

 of the anthropoids become more persistent with the elevation of man, it 

 is regarded as the survival of a beneficial structure. This subject has 

 engaged the attention of many distinguished anthropologists who are 

 striving to come nearer to the true relationships of our species, — notably of 

 M.Anoutchine, in a discussion entitled " Sur quelques anomalies du crane 

 humain et de leur frequence dans les races." (Published in the Trans- 

 actions of the Soc. d. Amis d. Sc. nat., de VAnihrop., etc., de MoscoUy 

 xxYiii, pt. 3; and reviewed in Rev. d'Anthrop.^ V, p. 357, by C. de Merej- 

 kowski.) 



Upon the subject of assassins in relation to primitive man the labors 

 of Prof. P. Heger and J. Dalemagne upon the craniological charac- 

 teristics of a number of assassins executed in Belgium should be con- 

 sulted. The conclusions to which the authors arrive agree with those 

 of M. Lombroso and M. Bordier, that the parietooccipital biain predom- 

 inates in assassins. But, according to the Belgians, criminals do not 

 constitute even a variety of the species. The craniological characters of 

 assassins depend chiefly upon the type or race to which they belong. 

 It is impossible to apply to them all any theory whatever. On the other 

 hand, craniology enables us to classify them according to the capability 

 of amelioration, in the same way that Pinel divides the defectives. 

 {Ann. de VTJniv. de Bruxelles, 1881 ; Rev. d\±nthrop., v, p. 530.) 



11. — ARCHEOLOGY. 



There is no other department of anthroiwlogy whose genuine improve- 

 ment can be marked so palpably as archaeology. The scientific treat- 

 ment of the subject is not very old; indeed, the tendency to form- 

 ulate a very large conclusion from a very small premise is still too 

 common. 



Every country with any claim to ci\ilization boasts of its archaeo- 

 logical sites and active research. Therefore, a very lucrative trade has 

 sprung up in aboriginal relics, and the frauds perpetrated are already 

 an embarrassing factor in the problems of ancient history. 



A glance over the bibliography for the year shows that the tendency 

 has been rather to research than to siieculation. Explorations of the most 



