ANTHROPOLOGY. 651 



c. Power of local legislation to secure educati ii in the arts of civil- 

 ized life. 



d. Legislation should also be directed to place such restrictions on 

 the sale of intoxicating substances as are needed to jirevent the ruining 

 of health and the retarding the material welfare of the native com- 

 munity. 



e. To secure all these objects an equitable form of civilized taxation 

 is needed, sufficient to meet the expenses of administration. (J. Anthrop. 

 Inst, XI, pp. 313-334.) 



Following up the extended investigations of Mr. Morgan upon the 

 laws of consanguinity and affinity among the various peoples of the 

 earth, so many have become interested in the subject that several 

 attempts have been made to simplify the process of recording the results 

 by means of graphic signs. Major Powell, of the Bureau of Ethnology 

 at Washington, devised for his manual a series of charts on which, by 

 figures representing males and females, aided by colors and connecting 

 lines, the whole scheme of marriage and blood relationship could be 

 indicated. During the past year, Mr. A. McFarlane has fallen upon an- 

 other method. There are two fundamental relationships of the highest 

 generality, namely, child and parent. These can be combined so as to 

 exi)ress any of the complex relationships 5 thus, grandchild is child of 

 child; grandparent is parent of parent; brother or sister is child of parent ; 

 and consort is parent of child, and so on. I;^ow let c denote child, p 

 parent, and juxtaposition equal of then cc will equal grandchild, cp, 

 brother or sister, &c. Having classified the relationships in the various 

 methods of which they are capable, Mr. McFarlane then introduces the 

 notation for sex, in which m denotes male and / female, placed before 

 the noun to which it relates, as mc mc, son of son, &c. Subsequently 

 the scheme is enlarged so as to include all degrees of compound relation- 

 ship recognized in the English laws of marriage and descent. {J. An- 

 throp. Inst., xi[, pp. 45-63, with charts.) 



It is pretty well agreed that descent was first reckoned through 

 females, and that where descent through males exists, traces of the 

 former regulation are evident. How this change came about is un- 

 known, but it has excited no little curiosity among anthropologists. 

 Mr. Howitt and the Eev. Lorimer Fison have given much attention to 

 this subject among the Australians and the Polynesians. They term 

 the processes of transition "orderly movements" and "disorderly 

 movements." By orderly movements is meant a gradual and peaceful 

 change, resulting from the rise and growth of new ideas accepted by 

 the whole community. Jiy disorderly movements is meant a rebellion 

 against law, successfully maintained; or the enforced segregation of a 

 part of the tribe, resulting in circumstances under which the old regu- 

 lations can no longer be obeyed. The examination of the Australian 

 system especially leads to the conclusion that the change from mother 

 right to fiither right may have been brought about not only by orderly 



