14 The Evolution of Fruits. 



and the gourds, through the berries of Rihes to the Cacti and 

 through LythracecE to Melastomacea and MyrtacecB, which latter 

 order inchides the pomegranate and the Brazil-nut. 



The BicarpeUata:. only have more than two carpels in the 

 case of the three primitive orders, Coniacea:, Araliacecp, and 

 CaprifoUacea ; but in these cases the h-uit is as essentially a 

 cremocarp as in the UmhelUfercE. This is reduced in the 

 Valerianacea: to the cypsele of the Bipsacem, Calijceracecp, and 

 Compositcr, which, though one-chambered and one-seeded, is 

 essentially bi-carpellate, as is also the olive, the fruits of the 

 Gentianacecr, the "carcerule" of the Borraginacem, and 

 Lahiata ; and the varying capsules and "nuculanes" of 

 ScrophulariacecB and Solanacea. 



These affinities are shown by the tentative pedigrees, 

 which are shown in the accompanying table. 



